Primus.

vtilis ad euidentiam rerum deſcriptio proponatur.Cōtrarie. Ul̓is negatioUl̓is affirmatio.He tum diuidunt veruꝫ ⁊ falſuꝫtum falſe ſunt vtreqꝫ: vere nūqͣꝫxHe tū diuidūt veꝝ ⁊ falſuꝫtū vere ſt̓ vtreqꝫ falſe nūqͥParticularis affir. Subcōtrarie. Particu. nega.¶ Ex his ergo que ſuperius dicta ſūt intelligi pōt contrarias ꝗdē vel veruꝫ inter ſe falſumqꝫ diuidere: velſimul poſſe mētiri: veras ſimul eſſe nō poſſe: ſubcōtrarias v̓o vel vtraſqꝫ veras eē: vl̓ alterā verā: alterā falſā: nūqͣꝫ tamē ſimul ꝓferre mēdaciū. Angulares autē neqꝫ in verite vnquā neqꝫ in mendacio conſonare: ſed vni ſēper veram alteri ſēper falſā eſſe ſētētia. nunc demonſtrandum eſt vniuerſalibus verisparticulares nō poſſe mētiri. falſis aūt vniuerſalibꝰpoſſe ꝑticulares nō falſa ꝓferre. Dico eniꝫ ſi vniuerſalis affirmatio ſit vera ꝑticularē quoqꝫ affirmatione verā futurā: nā ſi falſa eſt erit vera que ꝑticulariaffirmationi opponit̉ vniuerſalis negatio. ſed poſitaeſt vera affirmatio vniuerſaliſ: hoc igit̉ mō vtraſqꝫ ſimul veras eſſe cōtīgit. affirmationē ſcilꝫ vniuerſalē:vniuerſalēqꝫ negationē: quod euenire nō poſſe mōſtratū ē: n̄ igit̉ fieri poteſt: vt affirmatiua vniuerſalivera ꝓpoſita ꝑticularis affirmatio mētiat̉. Rurſusſi vera eſt vniuerſalis negatio ꝑticularē quoqꝫ nega-

dittat ſi particularis affirmatio vl̓ negatio vere ſūt:iſqꝫ p̄dicat̉ qd̓ a ſubiecto diuidi ac ſegregari queat:affirmationē negationēqꝫ vl̓es nō ē dubiū poſſe mētiri: vt qm̄ vere ſint particulares q̄ ꝓponūt quēdamhoīem eē iuſtū ⁊ quēdā hoīeꝫ nō eē iuſtū: his ſuperpoſitas vniuerſales falſas eē manifeſtū ē: vt ea q̄ dicit: oīs hō iuſtꝰ ē: ⁊ nullus hō iuſtus ē: at ſi ꝗd tale affiriatio particularis ꝓnūciet: quo ſubiectu carere n̄poſſit: vera erit ſuꝑpoſita affirmatio vniuerſalis: vtcū aliꝗs enūciat: quēdā hoīem eē aīal: huic vl̓is affirmatio ī ꝟitate cōſentit: q̄ eſt: oīs hō aīal eſt: at ſi ꝗdparticularis negatio tale ꝓponat: quod ſubiecto nequeat inherere veritatē particularis negatiōis vl̓isnegatiue veritas neceſſe eſt cōſequatur: vt cū aliquisdicit: quendā hominē lapidē nō eē: conſonat vniuerſalis veritas propoſitiōis: que nullū homineꝫ lapidēeē pronunciat. quo fit vt precedentibus ꝗdem vniuerſalibus veris particulares veras eſſe neceſſe ſit. Precedētibꝰ vero ī falſitate particularibꝰ vniuerſaliū veritas ſubſequatur. Manentibꝰ v̓o vniuerſalibꝰ falſisparticulares mendatiū dicere nō ſit neceſſe: ſicut nevera quidē particularibꝰ proponētibꝰ veram vniuerſalium neceſſe eſt eſſe ſententiam ⁊ hoc quidē exēpladocuerunt: vt auteꝫ firma demonſtratione clareſcat:

tionē verā eē cōcedo. nā ſi falſā quis dixerit: vniuerſaleꝫ affirmationē que ē ei oppoſita: verā neceſſarioeſſe fatebit̉. at ſi vniuerſalis negatio vera eēꝓpoſitaeſt ſimul igit̉ vniuerſales negationē ⁊ affirmationēveras eē cōtīgit: quod fieri nō poſſe ſuperius poſitaexēpla docuerūt: at ſi falſa ē vniuerſalis affirmatio:particularis vel falſū poterit enūciare vl̓ verū quopoſito nihil īpoſſibile comitat̉: ſiue enim falſa ſit eritvera negatio vniuerſalis: ſeu vera illa ſit: vniuerſalēnegationē falſitas obtinebit. Quo ſit vt falſa vniuerſali affirmatiōe vniuerſalis negatio: tum eī falſitarecōſonet: tū ab ea v̓itate diſcordet: qd̓ nō eē īpoſſibileſuꝑioribꝰ docet̉ exēplis. Eodē quoqꝫ mō ⁊ ſi vniuerſalis negatio falſa ſit ꝑticularē negationē vl̓ verā vl̓falſā eē poſſibile ē: neqꝫ idcirco aliꝗd ſeꝗtur īcōgruuꝫ. Particulari nāqꝫ negatione vera vniuerſalis affirmatio mētiet̉: eadē falſa verum vniuerſalis affirmatio ꝓnūciat. quo ſit vt falſa vniuerſali negationepropoſita: affirmationē vniuerſalē tū verā: tū falſārationis demōſtret euētꝰ: quod īpoſſibile nō eſt. rurſus ſi ꝑticulares falſe ſint: vniuerſalis quoqꝫ falſitasſeꝗtur: nā fi particularis affirmatiua ꝓnūciet mēdaciū vniuerſalis quoqꝫ affirmationi falſitas īherebit:nā ſi hec vera eſt: falſa erit ei oppoſita negatio ꝑticularis: ſed affirmationē ꝑticulare cōſtituimꝰ eē mēdacē. ſimul igitur ꝑticularis affirmatio ⁊ negatio falſaſūt: quod eē īcōueniēs p̄cedēs tractatꝰ declarauit: itēſi ꝑticularis negatio falſa dicat̉: vniuerſalis quoqꝫnegationis falſitas cōſonabit: nā ſi negatio vniuerſalis vera ē: falſa ē oppoſita que ē affirmatio ꝑticularis: quomō vtraſqꝫ ꝑticulares affirmationem. ſcilicꝫac negationē ſimul falſas eē cōtīgit qd̓ fieri n̄ poſſe p̄diximª. at ſi vera ſit affirmatio ꝑticularis falſa vl̓ vera vniuerſalis affirmatio eſſe poteſt: ſed ſiue falſa ſitparticularē negationē verā eē neceſſe ē: ſiue vera ſit:hēbit ꝑticularis negatiua mēdaciū. Sed cū vera ſitaffirmatio particularis negationem particularē velfalſā eſſe vel verā nihil ē īpoſſibile. Rurſus ſi negatio particularis teneat veritatem: vniuerſalis negatio vel ꝟitatē tenere poteſt vel ꝓferre mēdaciū. Naꝫſi vera ē oppoſitam affirmationē particularē falſaꝫeē manifeſtū ē: ſi falſa ē v̓itatē particularis affirmatiua cuſtodiet: quo ſit vt ſi ꝑticularis negatio teneatv̓itatē affirmatio ꝑticularis vera vel falſa ſit: quorūneutrū īpoſſibile nō eſſe premiſſa docuerūt: atqꝫ hecꝗdem de vniuerſalibꝰ dicta ſufficiāt. Nunc de indefinitis ac ſingularibꝰ diſſeramus: quaꝝ quidē indefinite ſunt: quibus nulla ſignificatio determinationis adiungitur: ſed p̄ter vniuerſalis ⁊ particularis intelligentiā quātitatis ꝓferūtur vt hō iuſtꝰ ē: homo iuſtꝰnō ē: ꝗbus tam etſi (vt dictū ē) nulla ſignificatio determinatiōis adiungatur: vim tn̄ obtinent particularium ꝓpoſitionū. Nāqꝫ vt ille quas ſubcontrarias īpriore deſcriptione ſignauimꝰ: alias quidem inter ſeverum falſumqꝫ diſtribuunt: alias quidem in dicenveritate conſpirant nūquam tn̄ ſimul videntur poſſe mentiri: ita etiam indefinite ſi quidē tale eſt quodenūciāt qd̓ ſubiecto ſemꝑ īeſſe neceſſe ſit affirmatioē vera: falſa negatio: vt in his ꝓpoſitionibꝰ. hō aīalē: hō animal non eſt: at ſi id in indefinitis ꝓpoſitionibus efferatur quod ſubiecti natura nō ſuſcipit: negatio quideꝫ vera ē: ſed affirmatio iuncta ē falſitati: vtſi quis dicat: hō lapis ē: homo lapis non eſt: vt verovtreqꝫ in ꝓnūcianda falſitate cōſentiant: non poteſtinueniri. Eadeꝫ tamen ab vniuerſalibꝰ affirmatiuis: