366 CAECILIA, ST.

her refusing to do so, he commanded her to beshut up in her bath, and that the furnace shouldbe heated with wood seven times hotter than itwas wont to be heated. But a heavenly dewfalling upon the spouse of Christ refreshed andcooled her body, and preserved her from harm.A day and a night the Praefect waited for newsof her death. Then he sent one of his soldiersto behead her; but though the sword smote herneck thrice, the executioner could not cut offher head, and he departed, leaving her on thedoor of her bath bathed in blood. For threedays longer she lived, never ceasing to exhortthe people whom she loved to continue stedfastin the Lord, and watching over the distributionof her last alms. Having given her house tothe church, she gave up her precious and beau-tiful spirit into the hands of the living God.Urban and his deacons buried her in the ceme-tery of Calixtus on the Via Appia near the thirdmilestone. Her house he consecrated to God asa church for ever.”

It is alleged that her body was found at Romeby Pope Paschal L, in the year A.D. 821, in thecemetery of Praetextatus, adjoining that ofCalixtus on the Via Appia, and that it was re-moved by him to the church of St. Caecilia, hewas then rebuilding, which stands, as is said, onthe site of her house, at the extremity of theTrastevere. Here, it is said, her body was againdiscovered at the end of the 16th century inthe time of Clement VIII. Baronius has givena long account of the circumstances connectedwith this pretended discovery, of which he wasa witness (s. an. 821).

The legend of this saint has furnished thesubject of several remarkable pictures. Theoldest representation of her is a rude picture ordrawing on the wall of the catacomb, called thecemetery of San Lorenzo, of the date probablyof the 6th or 7th century. (See D’Agincourt,plate xi.) In this she appears with the martyr’scrown on her head. In the 13th century Cima-bue painted an altar-piece, representing differentepisodes in the life of the saint for the churchdedicated to her at Florence. Here she againappears with the martyr’s crown. In fact,before the 15th century, St. Caecilia is seldomseen depicted with her musical instruments.She has generally the martyr’s palm and thecrown of red or white roses. At what timeshe first came to be regarded as the patron saintof musicians is unknown. In the ancient docu-ments that have come down to us, there isnothing to shew that she ever made use of in-struments of music. The most celebrated ofthe modern representations of St. Caecilia aspatroness of this art is the picture executed byRaphael in the earlier years of his residence atRome (a.d. 1513), no v in the gallery of Bologna.After this date, representations of her in thischaracter are very common.

Iu 1584, in the time of Pope Pius V., anacademy of music was founded at Rome, andplaced under the tutelage of St. Caecilia. Fromthat time forward she came to be more and moreregarded as queen of harmony, and Dryden’swell-known ode has rendered her familiar toEnglishmen in this character.

For a more detailed account of St. Caecilia,reference may be made to the following works:—J)e Vitis Sanctorum, ed. Surius, Venice, 1581,

CAECILIANUS

tom. vi. page 161, s. d. Nov. 22; Acta Sanc-torum, by the Bollandists, s. d. April 14, p. 204 5Baronii Annales s. an. A.D. 821; Tillemont, vol.iii. pp. 259-689 ; S. Caeciliae Acta a Laderchio ,Rome, 1722, 2 vols. 4to. incorporating the workof Bosio, with large additions; Sacred and Legen-dary Art, by Mrs. Jameson, 3rd edition, London,1857, pp. 583-600; Ceillier, Histoire des AuteursSacrtfs, vol. ii. Paris, 1859; S. Cdcile, par Dom.Gueranger, Paris, 1874. [T. D. C. M.]

Tillemont supposes her te have suffered inSicily (ii, 348, iii. 260, 690). De Rossi ( BomaSott. ii. xxxii.-xliii. 113-161) believes theauthor of the Acts to have lived in the 4th or5th century, and gives reasons for supposingCaecilia to have sprung from a Christian branchof the senatorial family of the Caecilii MaximiFausti, and that the true date of her martyrdom'is that found by Ado in old MSS., namely, underM. Aurelius or Commodus. [E. B. B,]

Caecilia is four times mentioned in Bede. Shestands in his prose Martyrology and in his metri-cal one. In the hymn in praise of Etheldrithaand virginity she receives a line, in society with'Agnes, who is honoured with another—

“Laeta ridet gladios ferro robustior Agnes,

Caecilia infestos laeta ridet gladios,”

(LI. E. i v. 20). Again Bede writes, u in the churchof the holy martyr Caecilia, and on her natale,”the English Wilbrord was ordained by PopeSergius, A.D. 696, archbishop for the Frisians (v.11). The tradition which connected her namewith music is easily accounted for. Pope Pasehal rfor the future protection of the relic which hehad found, built on to Caecilia’s church a mona-stery, to which he gave a handsome endowmentto provide that the religious should guard thebodies of the saint and her companions, andchant the praises of God around her tomb dayand night. (Baillet, Vies des Saints, ad diemNov. 22.) Such a service of song could not butkindle a legend-loving imagination, and the storygrew that often, while the Saviour’s praisesarose in vocal music, Caecilia’s own instru-mental accompaniment was heard. In England,at the latter part of the 17th century, her daywas found a convenient one for holding an annualfestival that was set on foot for the encourage-ment of music. This celebration br(ught thelyric poet also into requisition, and odes for St.Caecilia’s day were annually offered to the public.It need not be added how the genius of Drydenand Pope sent all the other essays into oblivion.

[C. H.]

CAECILIA. (2) Martyr at Carthage withDativus, in a.d. 304. [E. B. B.]

(3) The exact date of this saint, who is alsocalled Clara, is not known, but she is supposedto have lived in the 7th century, and to havebeen abbess of Remiremont in Lotharingia for aperiod of thirty years. She is commemoratedAug. 12. (Acta SS. Boil. Aug. ii. 732.)

[H. W. Y.]

CAECILIANUS (I). Jerome says that Cy-prian was converted ‘‘suadente presbytero Caeci-lio, a quo et cognomentum sortitus est,” and thisstatement probably influenced most editors tosubstitute Caecilius for Caccilianus in the textsof the Life of Cyprian by his own deacon