CADWALA

365

Basil out of the little house that was his pro-perty and home. Paulinus therefore sent aletter by Amandus and Delphinus to plead theold man’s cause with Caducius, and they weresuccessful. Tillemont (xiv. 79) dates the occur-rence A.D. 397. Paulinus, 25pp. 12,14 (21, 18).

[E. B. B.]

CADWALA (Alcuin, de Pontiff. Ebor. v.262, Gale, xv. Scriptt. 707); CADWALA-DER, -DRUS, -LLADRUS (Brut y Tywysog .trr. Williams, M. H. B., ad init.; Annal. Eccles.Menev., Wharton, A. S. II. xxxi.; Diceto, de Beg.Brit., Gale, xv. Scriptt. 559 ; Fordun, Scotichr .,Gale, ibid. 646, 647; ed. Skene, i. 126-128; ii.119); CADWALLA (Bede, H.E. ed. Giles, ii.20; iii. 1; A. S. C. trr. Thorpe, Ingram, M.H.B.ad an. 633); CADWALLO, -ON (Wend. F. H.ed. Coxe, ad an. 633; Brut y Tywysog. trr. adinit.; Annal. Eccles. Menev . 1. c.; Diceto, Fordun,11, cc.), king or duke of Guenedota, Guenedotia,Venedotia, the Venedoci, or Gwennyd, or king ofthe Britons. [Caedwalla (1).] Of the authori-ties above cited, the following do not identifyCadwallo with Cadwalader, but, for the mostpart, make them father and son, and Cadwallothe son of Caduanus [Cadfan (2)], namely,Ann. Ecc. Menev., B)wt y Tywysog., Diceto,Fordun. [C. H.]

CADWALLA (Bede, M. E. iv. 12, ed. Giles),king of Wessex. [Caedwalla (2).] [C. II.]

CADWR, 5th metropolitan of Caerleon asgiven in the Iolo Manuscripts. (Stubbs, Beg.

Sac. 154.) [C. H.]

CAECILIA, ST., (1) a Homan lady, one ofthe four principal Virgins and Martyrs of theWestern church, commemorated in the Latinand also in the Greek church on the 22ndNovember. Of her life and history, however,hardly any authentic account has come downto us.

The veneration paid to this saint can be tracedback to a very early period. The martyrdom ofSt. Caecilia and of her three companions is re-ferred to in nearly all the most ancient Latinbreviaries and missals. It is mentioned in theSacramentary of Pope Gregory ; in the breviaryand missal of the church of Milan ascribed toSt. Ambrose; in the Mozarabic or Spanishliturgy, with proper prayers and prefaces; anda grand office for her feast will be found in theGallican missal, which is believed to have beenin use in Gaul from the 6th century down tothe time of Charlemagne. Under the date ofthe 22nd November, her name appears in theMartyrology attributed to Jerome, in that ofBede, and in all the others. In these collectionsher martyrdom is placed at Rome.

Yet it is very difficult, says Tillemont, to findthe true place of St. Caecilia in the chronologyof the saints. The earliest writer who makesmention of her is Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers,at the end of the 6th century. According tohis account she died in Sicily between the yearsA.D. 176-180, under the Emperor M. Aureliusor Commodus, The life of St. Caecilia that weowe to Symeon Metaphrastes, a Hagiographer ofthe 10th century, makes her contemporary withUrban, and places her martyrdom at Rome underAlexander Severus about the year a.d. 230. TheGreek menologies relate that she suffered there

CAECILIA, ST.

in the time of Diocletian (284-305). On theother hand, the Roman calendar drawn up atRome under Pope Liberius, about the middle ofthe 4th century (a.d. 352-366), contains nomention of her name. This, indeed, is not a com-plete list of martyrs, but a feriale, or list of thechief feasts (Rossi, i. 116). Her body must,however, have been removed thither from theplace of her first sepulture not long after thisperiod; for in the time of Pope Symmachus(a.d. 498) there was a church of St. Caeciliaat Rome, in which he held a council.

The account of her life and martyrdom bySymeon Metaphrastes, to be found in Surius, is ofno authority. The narrative is full of marvelsand improbabilities, and the internal evidencealone is quite sufficient to prove its legendarycharacter. This was long ago pointed out,among others by Tillemont. Some moderncritics have, however, of late endeavoured touphold the credibility of the work, and to referits compilation in the form which has reachedus to the commencement of the 5th century(cf. Ceillier, Mist, des Auteurs Sacrds, vol. ii.Paris, 1859).

There can be little doubt that these Acts ofSt. Caecilia were composed to be read in thechurch of the saint on the day of her feast.According to the legend, “she was born atRome of a noble family. After she had heardthe sweet voice of Christ and had believed inHim, she resolved, from love to her dear Lord,to devote herself evermore to Him by a vowof perpetual virginity. Her parents wished herto marry Valerian, a young Roman, who at thattime was not a Christian. Caecilia so far com-plied with their wishes as to go through themarriage ceremonies; but when alone with heryoung husband, she told him of the vow thatshe had made, and Valerian allowed her to keepit. Yielding to her entreaties, he sought outthe retreat of Urban, and received baptism at hishands. On returning to his spouse, wearing thewhite robe of a neophyte, he found her prayingin her chamber, and an angel of God at herside. In answer to Valerian’s prayer, theangel promised that his brother, Tiburtius,should become a Christian, and he foretoldthat both brothers should receive the crownof martyrdom.

“ In the year a.d. 230, the Emperor AlexanderSeverus was absent from Rome, waging waragainst the Persians. Turcius Almachius, prae-fect of the city, took advantage of the emperor’sabsence to give free vent to his hatred of theChristians, and daily put many to death. Valerianand Tiburtius were soon brought before his tri-bunal. After having been scourged, the twobrothers were commanded to offer incense to thegods. On their refusal they were condemned tobe beheaded, and given in charge to Maximus.So moved was he by the exhortations of thesetwo martyrs, that in the night he and all hisfamily, together with the lictors, believed andwere baptized. On the morrow his prisonerswere beheaded at the place called Pagus Triopiuson the Via Appia at the fourth mile from Rome.When the news reached the Praefect that Maxi-mus also had become a Christian, he ordered himto be scourged to death with a scourge of leadenballs. Soon afterwards he sent his officers toCaecilia and bade her sacrifice to the gods. On