In librum de interpretatione editio prima

his que ſūt p̄terita: ſemꝑ vna vera ē: altera falſa: vtin eo qd̓ ē: ſocrates veneno ꝑemptꝰ ē. ſocrates venēoꝑemptꝰ nō ē vera. ē affirmatio definite: ⁊ ita rurſusfalſa negatio. in p̄ſentibꝰ quoqꝫ idē neceſſe ē eſſe. Sienī diſputāte ſocrate. dicat aliꝗs ſocrates diſputat. ⁊hoc aliꝰ neget. ſicut diſputare ſocratē pn̄tis tꝑis rōne definitū ē. ita quoqꝫ definite affirmatio retīet veritatē: negatio definite mēdatiū. Et ī vniuerſalibusꝗdē vel affirmatiuis vel negatiuis. in ꝗbus vel affirmatio ꝑticularis: vel negatio ꝑticularis opponit̉ idēeſt. Hoc eſt enī quod ait. In his que ſunt: ⁊ que factaſunt .i. in pn̄tibꝰ atqꝫ in p̄teritis vna ſemꝑ definite vera eſt: ſemꝑ altera falſa definite: ſiue vniuerſalis ſitvna altera particularis. Qd̓ ꝑ hoc monſtrat̉ qd̓ ait.In vniuerſalibus quidē vniuerſaliter ſemꝑ hanc verā. illā vero falſam. ſiue in ſingularibꝰ atqꝫ indiuiduiſpredicamētis Qd̓ per hoc deſignat qd̓ addidit. ⁊ inhis que ſūt ſingularia. ſed poſtqͣꝫ dixit de cōtradictorijs: adiecit: in his autē que indefinite ſunt: nō neceſſe ē ſemper hanc quidē veram: illā v̓o eſſe mendace̓.Hoc .ſ. deſignās qd̓ ait. In his vero que in vniuerſalibꝰ nō vniuerſaliter dicūt̉: nō eſt neceſſe in his vnaꝫverā: alterā falſaꝫ ꝓponi. pōt enī fieri: vt vtreqꝫ ſintvere que fuerīt indefinite.¶ In ſingularibus v̓o ⁊ futuris non ſimiliter.¶ Propoſitionū alie ſunt tantū ineſſe ſignificātes: vtſi ꝗs ſocrate viuo dixiſſet. ſocrateſ caluꝰ ē aliꝰ negaretſocrates caluus non eſt. Illa .n. ineſſe poſuit ſocrati.caluiciē: illa caluiciē a ſocrate diſiunxit. alie v̓o ſūt neceſſarie: vt ſi ꝗs dicat: neceſſe ē ſolē āniſ oībꝰ ī arietērurſuſ redire. Rē nāqꝫ neceſſariā ⁊ ex neceſſitate eueniētē predicās totā fecit neceſſariā ꝓpoſitionē. Alieautē ſunt cōtīgētes. que cū nō ſint: eas tamen in futurū euenire poſſibile eſt. vt ſi quis dicat. hodie alexander prāſurus eſt. hodie alexāder pranſurus nō eſt. ſūtenī cū iſta dicant̉: qm̄ illi adhuc prandere nō ineſt ineſſe tn̄ cōtingit: ⁊ pōt fieri: vt hodie prandeat: iccircodicimus eas cōtingētes. cōtingit enī fieri: qd̓ adhucnondū factū eſt. Sed he non īſunt quidē: vt dictū ē.Sunt .n. futuri tēporis que aūt nō inſunt. ſi īeſſe pn̄t.neceſſarie nō ſūt: qm̄ huiuſmodi retinent naturā. vteas ⁊ eē: ⁊ nō eē poſſibile ſit. poteſt .n. fieri: vt hodiealexāder prandeat. ⁊ rurſus poteſt fieri vt hodie nonprandeat. Et hanc eueniendi vel non eueniendi poſſibilitatem vtrūlibet vocamus. In huiuſmōi eniꝫ rebus vtrūlibet cōtingit aut affirmatio: aut negatio: ⁊nō eſt neceſſe aut affirmationē fieri aut negationē.Nā cū non ſit affirmatio neceſſaria: non intercluſumeſt contingere negationē. Rurſus cū negatio neceſſaria non ſit: īterdū accidit: vt affirmatio ꝯtīgat. Quare hec hmōi eueniēdi vel nō eueniēdi potētia vtrūlibet vocat̉. Quod in his vtrūlibet .i. vel affirmatiōesvel negationes euenire concedit̉. Nūc ergo ariſtoteles hoc validiſſima argumētatiōe cōtendit aſtruere.Quod quēadmodū in preteritis ⁊ in his que ſunt pn̄tia. non modo in affirmatione ⁊ negatione vnā verāalterā falſā eſſe neceſſe eſt. ſed definite vna vera eſt:definite altera ſuſcipit falſitatē. non ita in his que cōtingentes vocātur. Neceſſe enī eſt vt aut affirmatiovera ſit. aut negatio: ſed non vt definite quelibet earū vera ſit. altera falſa definite. Nā qd̓ dicimꝰ alexander lauandus eſt: id ſi alius neget. dicatqꝫ: alexanderlauandus non eſt: totū quidē hoc neceſſe eſt euenirevt aut lauetur: aut non lauetur: ⁊ neceſſe eſt vnā eſſe

aut ſi non fuerit lotus: negationem. Sed non eſt neceſſe vt definite affirmatio v̓a ſit: iccirco qͣꝫ in hmōirebus poterit euenire negatio. Sed nec vnqͣꝫ definitū ē: vt negatio vera ſit: falſa affirmatio. iccirco quoniam poteſt non euenire negatio. Quare in tota contradictione vnā quidē veram: falſam alteram eē neceſſe eſt. Ut aūt definite vna vera ſit: altera falſa definite ſicut ī his que ſunt preterita queqꝫ p̄ſentia nulla reꝝ ratiōe poſſibile ē. Sed hoc priꝰ ariſtoteles inſingularium predicamētoꝝ propoſitionibus probat.Poſt aūt idē debere in vniuerſalibus docet ītelligiIccirco ait in ſingularibus v̓o ⁊ futuris non ſimiliterIdeſt in ſingularibꝰ ꝓpoſitionibꝰ: de ꝗbꝰ priꝰ tractat.Et futuris .i. cōtingētibꝰ non idē modꝰ ē veraꝝ falſarūqꝫ ꝓpoſitionū: ꝗ ī p̄teritis atqꝫ p̄ſentibꝰ. Qm̄ inp̄teritis atqꝫ preſentibus ⁊ totū cōtradictionis corpꝰī veritatē falſitatēqꝫ diuidit̉. Et vera vna ē definite:vt poſſit ex his certꝰ aliꝗs ac ſciēs dicere: qm̄ affirmatio vera ſit: vel rurſus qm̄ negatio: vel ſi id nullus dixerit. Certa p̄teriti tn̄ tēporis vel p̄ſentis ẜm ſui naturā rō certuſqꝫ euētꝰ ē. ī his v̓o in ꝗbꝰ contingens ē ⁊futuꝝ .i. variabile ⁊ inſtabile. Totū ꝗdē corpꝰ cōtradictiōis veritatē falſitatēqꝫ partit̉: ſꝫ hec veritas atqꝫfalſitas indiſcreta eſt: atqꝫ volubilis. Nullus .n. pōt dicere: qm̄ affirmatio vera ē. Nō ē .n. neceſſe verā eſſeaffirmationē: iccirco qd̓ negationē fieri poſſibile eſt.Nec rurſus negationē: qm̄ nō ē impoſſibile affirmationē cōtīgere. ⁊ poſtremo qm̄ vtrūlibet ipſoꝝ cōtingit: iccirco vna eaꝝ vera eē definite. ⁊ certa naturaliter non poteſt. quibus autem id argumentationibusexequatur: manifeſtum erit hoc modo.¶ Nā ſi oīs affirmatio vel negatio: vera. vel falſa. e⁊ omne neceſſe ē vel eſſe. vel non eſſe. quare ſi hicꝗdē dicat futurū aliquid: ille vero nō dicat hoc idēipſum manifeſtum eſt: quoniā neceſſe eſt verūdicere alterū ipſoꝝ. ſi enī affirmatio vera vel falſa eſt.Utraqꝫ enim nō erūt ſil̓ in talibus.¶ Si ꝗcꝗd in affirmatiōibus negatiōibuſqꝫ ꝓponit̉:veꝝ vel falſū ē definite. ſeꝗt̉ vt qd̓ ille negatiōes affirmatiōeſqꝫ ſignificāt: aut euenire: aut nō euēire neceſſe ſit. hoc ē enī ꝙ dic̄. Nā ſi oīs affirmatio vel negatio vera vel falſa eſt definite. iccirco .n. addidit oīsIn his .n. q̄ ſunt futura vel cōtīgētia: nō eē affirmatiōes ⁊ negatiōes veras vel falſas definite ꝓbare cōtēdit. Nā ſi vnꝰ dicat aliꝗd futuꝝ: aliꝰ neget vt vtraqꝫ eueniāt: fieri nō pōt ꝗs .n. dixerit dicēte alio ſocrates cenaturus ē: alioqꝫ ſocrates cenaturꝰ nō ē: vtraſqꝫ veras ī vno eodēqꝫ cōtīgere: hoc igit̉ fieri nō pōtvnꝰ ergo eoꝝ veꝝ dicturª ē: aliꝰ mētiet̉. ponat̉ .n. definite vna eoꝝ vera eē: vel falſa. ſi ergo oīs affirmatio ⁊ negatio v̓a vel falſa ē definite: ⁊ vterqꝫ negāsaffirmāſqꝫ veri ī cōtradictiōibꝰ eē nō pn̄t: neceſſe eſtvnū veꝝ dicere: alterū falſū: ⁊ vnū definite verū: alterū definite falſū. hoc ſi ē ī oībꝰ affirmatōibus atqꝫnegatiōibꝰ: vt vna definite falſa ſit altera v̓a d̓finitequicꝗd v̓a dic̄ euētuꝝ euenire: ꝗcꝗd nō euētuꝝ. noneuēire: neceſſe ē. hoc ē .n. qd̓ ait Māifeſtū ē qm̄ neceſe ē veꝝ dicere alteꝝ ipſoꝝ. neqꝫ .n. pōt fieri: vt affirmatio negatioqꝫ cōſentiāt ī talibꝰ .i. ī ꝯͣdictiōis ꝓpoſitiōibꝰ. Neceſſe āt ē euenire q̄cūqꝫ vere definite affirmatio loꝗt̉ ⁊ nō euenire qd̓ ꝓfert definite vera negatio quod ſic probatur.¶ Nam ſi verum ē dicere. quoniam album vel nōalbum. neceſſe eſt eē albū vel nō album. ⁊ ſi ē albuꝫ