chap, iv.] ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM. 215

pili also under Gerard . 1 Besides the mercenariesof that name, and the commander himself was aknight called Turcopolier (General-in-Chief of thecavalry) a title soon for ever united, not with thePrior of England, as Vertot says , 2 but with England,as always an Englishman. The prior mostlyresided in his priory, and often old, and sometimesa clergyman; but the turcopolier was usually withfighting men in the East. Not the capo , but thesecond English dignity. There were no worn-outveterans yet. Then naturally the grand masterstried to have as many knights as possible on thefield of battle; and one way of effecting that, wasto confide commanderies of all civil and financialemployments in Europe to the clerical class. Butthat was only at first; after a few years, we findsuch places occupied by the knights themselves, towhom, in the usual course, they belonged. Therewas a spirit of fraternization all through the firstcrusade, which survived it, and Gerard shared iteminently. The Emperor Barbarossa himself, thehero of forty pitched battles, the only human beingthat could have rivalled with Coeur de Leon in war,and with the King of France in the cabinet, held

1 P. A. Paoli: 345.

2 Titres inseparables. Vertot: liv. id., p. 266.—Bosio, par. 1,lib. iii. anno 1166.