CUM AN A—Cl

taken by the Campanians, and came with them under.jje power of Rome (346 B. C.). It was destroyedA. D 1207.

Ccmana. A province of Colombia, bounded N.and E. by the Caribbean sea, S. by the Orinoco. Inthe western part, towards the coast, the soil is toler-ably fertile. The eastern part is dry and sandy', afford-ino- nothing but an inexhaustible mine of marine andmineral salt. On the Orinoco, the country is only fitfor pasturage : other parts are exceedingly fertile. Inthe interior is a range of mountains, of which Tume-riquisi, the most elevated, is 6,900 feet high.

Cumaka, or New Cordova. A town of Colombia,and capital of a province of the same name. Lon.g 4 ° 10' W., lat. 10“ 28' N. The population has beenestimated by Humboldt at 18 or 19,000 ; but byDepons, at 24,000. It is situated near the mouth ofthe gulf of Cariaeo, about a mile from the sea, on anarid, sandy plain. The climate is hot, earthquakesare frequent, and the houses low and lightly built. Onthe 14th of December, 1797, more than three-fourthsof them were destroyed by an earthquake. The inha-bitants carry on a considerable trade in cacao, andother productions of the country. The road is com-modious for its depth, and of a semicircular form,which defends it from the violence of the winds.

Cumberland. The extreme north-western countyof England. It derives its name from the Cumbri, orCimbri, its aboriginal inhabitants. At the Romandivision of Britain into provinces, this portion of theisland was included in that called Maxima Ctesari-ensis, and was then inhabited by the Voluntii (peopleof the forests), a tribe of the Brigantes, who main-tained a long and glorious struggle against Romantyranny, and internal corruption ; and, although drivenat last by the superior force of their invaders to theirmountain ramparts, (wherjj they assumed the name ofMeatm,) they continued from thence to harass “ themasters of the world ” so effectually, that the emperorSeverus found it expedient to erect a wall to preventtheir predatory excursions.

After Britain was abandoned by the Romans, theCimbri united with the Scots and Piets, in mutual de-fence against the Saxons ; but in the year 593, under thereign ofEthelfred, king of Northumbria, they appearto have submitted to the Saxon yoke, though only asa tributary province ; for they were governed by theirown kings till the tenth century, when their territorywas ceded to the Scots ; and from this time may betraced all the bitter contentions, and the fatal andatrocious excesses of border feuds, so long carried onbetween the rival kingdoms.

After the cession of Cumberland to Malcolm, it wasby turns under the dominion of the Scotch and En-glish monarchs up to the year 1237, when it wasfinally annexed to the English crown by Henry theThird. Nothing, however, like peace and amity sub-sisted between the Scots and Cumbrians until thetime of the union under queen Anne, in 1707.

During the rebellions of 1715 and 1745, it was oncemore made the scene of civil contention, and far worse,of political revenge.

Carlisle is the county town, and once gave its nameto the whole shire : it is remarkable for its beautifuland commanding situation, and for its ancient andnoble castle, or citadel rather, which has stood so manysieges, and lias so often, with its

“ Well manned tower and massy bar,

Repelled the tide of border war! ”

MBERLAND. 539

The county of Cumberland presents the travellerwith, perhaps, the grandest and most romantic sceneryto be met with in England. The south-western dis-tricts particularly, form a gigantic combination ofrugged, rocky mountains, thrown together with thewildest and rudest sublimity, yet enclosing the softestand most beautiful valleys, fairy streams, and lakes,and rich and extensive woodland, whilst, besides thecharms lent by nature to this favoured country, itboasts the picturesque and interesting addition ofmany ancient baronial castles, Roman remains, andeven Druidical monuments.

The surface of this county is extremely irregularand broken. On the eastern confines of the county',a high range of hills, stretches as far as Scotland, andat their feet a broad tract of land, extends its wholelength, partly cultivated, and partly heathy common.It is watered by the Eden, and several other smallstreams. This tract becomes very extensive beforeit reaches Carlisle, stretching along the county toWigton.

The soils of Cumberland vary exceedingly; theyhave, however, been classed under the divisions offertile clays, or strong, rich loams, which occupy but asmall portion of the county, and are chiefly appro-priated to the growth of wheat ; dry loams, includingthe different degrees, from the rich brown loam, tothe light sandy soils, and occupying the greater por-tion of the county ; wet loam, generally on a clay bot-tom, and adapted for grazing ; and black peat earth,which is very prevalent in the mountainous districts,and particularly those adjoining Northumberland andDurham. The buildings are chiefly of stone, exceptin the market towns, where bricks are employed, andnear the borders of Scotland, in which part of thecounty the cottages are constructed principally of clayor earth.

The mineralogical productions of Cumberland areboth rich and variegated, and exist in great abund-ance. Limestone of various colours, texture, andhardness, is found in almost every part of this exten-sive county. The quarries at Overend contain im-pressions of many kind of shells, with ammonite,entrochi, and asteriee, also a great quantity of marineexuviae is found in the limestone on the moors nearGilsland Spa. Marble, studded with shells, of abrownish colour, is found at Little Stainton andDacres ; dusky green, veined with white, at Crossfield ;yellowish grey, lead-colour, and brown, with and with-out shells, on the banks of the Peteril ; and bluishblack, and a variety of others colours, near Kirkos-wald. Beautiful specimens of spar of various colours,amorphous, and crystallised into different forms, arefound in the lead mines of Aldston Moor, and aremuch admired by mineralogists. Several species offiuors are also discovered in the same mines ; theyhave frequently been found studded with brilliantquartz crystals, and with crystallised galena. It isimpossible to enumerate all the mineral productionsof this county, we must therefore confine ourselves tothe most important and remarkable of them.

In the magnesian class is mica, or talc, which isfound of many different colours. Spangles of thesilvery kind are met .with near the river Caldew.The steatites are semi-indurated and white.

Fossil, or pit-coal is found in different parts, but ismost abundant in Tiudale Fells, and near the Talkiu.Thin layers of jet are sometimes found in the rocks,especially near the river Irthing, and many eminent