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centre, the earl of Albemarle commanded; the rightwing was commanded by major-general Bland; andon the left, three squadrons were commanded by lordAncrum.
Prince Charles formed the front of his army intothirteen divisions, being so many clans under theirrespective chiefs, with four pieces of cannon placedbefore their centre, and the same number on eachwing. The centre was commanded by lord JohnDrummond, the right wing by lord George Murray,and the left by the duke of Perth; to support thefront line, and covered in the rear by some stonewalls, was arranged Fitz-James’s horse and four com-panies of French piquets, on the left, one body ofhorse, which consisted of young Italians, some hussars,the Perthshire squadron, and five companies of lordDrummond’s foot soldiers. In the rear was a line ofreserve, consisting of three columns, the first on theleft was commanded by lord Kilmarnock, the centrecolumn by lord Lewis Gordon, and the third to theright by Roy Stuart. Directly in the rear were sta-tioned the regiments of Perth and Ogilvie as thefinal reserve.
In this order the insurgents commenced firing onthe duke’s army, which was returned with great stea-diness, so that the troops of the prince were throwninto great disorder. They immediately attacked theright wing of the king’s army, where the duke ofCumberland commanded in person. This was onlya feint to draw out the king’s troops, and finding itnot succeed they turned their whole force to the left,W'here they attempted to flank the king’s front lines,but general Wolfe’s regiment entirely defeated theirdesign.
General Hawley with some Highlanders had openeda passage through some stone walls to the right, forthe horse which advanced on that side, while theking’s right wing wheeled off upon their left, and,dispersing their body of reserve, met in the centre oftheir front line. The Highlanders, being repulsed inthe front, and great numbers cut off, fell into universalconfusion. The horse on their rear made a dreadfulcarnage, the foot moved on in due order, but King-ston’s horse, from the reserve, galloped up, and, fallingupon the fugitives, routed them with great slaughter.Three thousand of Charles Stuart’s troops were slainon the field and in the pursuit, and many noblemenand gentlemen were taken prisoners; so that in lessthan thirty minutes the whole army was entirely de-stroyed. The prince immediately forded the riverNesse, and with a few adherents travelled as far asAird; there he dismissed the whole of his followers,and wandered about a solitary fugitive amongst themountains of Scotland for more than four months.
When the news of this battle arrived in England,the whole nation seemed transported with joy; bothhouses of parliament voted an address to the king,and extolled the duke as a hero and deliverer ; theyalso decreed that public thanks should be returned tothe duke of Cumberland, and the commons added25,000/. per annum to his former income.
The numbers of both armies have been variouslyestimated; the king’s troops are believed to have ex-ceeded 8000, while prince Charles’ only amounted to7000. The exact number which was killed of theking’s army was never correctly known.
Culm. A village in Bohemia, three leagues eastof the well-known watering-place of Teplitz, near thefrontiers of Saxony. It is celebrated on account of
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the battle of August SO, 1813, in which the Frenchunder Vandamme, were beaten by the Prussians andRussians. Vandamme was taken prisoner, with threegenerals and 10,000 men. The battle was one of thebloodiest in the whole war. The allies had, a fen-days previous (August 26), been repulsed by Napo.leon in their attack on Dresden. On the 29th abloody battle took place between Vandamme and theallies, who defended the frontiers of Bohemia, to coverthe retreat of the Russians. The night put an end tothe battle. On the 30th it was renewed with furvand ended with the victory of Culm. This victorywas decisive ; for the allies were enabled to saveBohemia, on which Napoleon was pressing with all hismight. A few days before (August 26), on the sameday with the battle at Dresden, the French had beenbeaten by Bliicher on the Katzbach ; and from thistime, the series of disasters is to be dated, which endedwith the dethronement of the French emperor.
Culross. A royal burgh, in the county of PerthScotland. It is built on a bank of the river Forthfrom wdiich it is seen to great advantage. It wasformerly a place of considerable importance, but isnow p much decayed. In its neighbourhood are foundmany curious local antiquities. At the east end ofthe town, on the sea coast, stood a chapel dedi-cated to St. Mungo, of Kentigern. In 1278 amonastery w'as founded at Culross, on the risingground behind the town, by Malcolm, thar.e ofFife. The monks were of the Cistercian order;and part of the ruins of the abbey is still to be seen.On the north side was the abbey church, which con-tains several handsome monuments ; the most remark-able is that of sir George Bruce, lying beside hislady, and along a low settle are seen their seven chil-dren in kneeling postures. Culross abbey is one ofthe finest buildings in Scotland, and was formerly aseat of the Bruces ; it occupies a noble terrace, over-hanging the sea, a little to the west of the town; onthe banks of the Forth is Castlehill, formerly knownby the name of Dunmarle castle, that is, the castlenear the sea, and, according to tradition, it was herethat the cruel murder of lady Macduff took place byorder of Macbeth, it being the stronghold of thethanes of Macduff. This edifice is now a total ruin.Culross, in conjunction with Stirling, Queensferrv,Dunfermline, and Inverkeithing, sends one member tothe British parliament, and contains 1,488 persons,and the annual value of the real property amounts to5,497/. It is five miles W. of Dunfermline.
Cuma, or Cyme. The largest and most importantcity of aEolis (Asia Minor), and, at the same time, oneof the most ancient places on the rEgatan Sea. Fromthis place the Cumtean Sibyl took her name. Hesiodwas born here. According to Strabo, the inhabitantsof Cuma were considered as somewhat deficient intalent.
Cum/E. A very ancient city in Campania, and theoldest colony of the Greeks in Italy, was foundedabout 1030 B. C. by Chalcis of Euboea, and peopledby Asiatic Cumaeans, and by Phocians. The commonbelief of the inhabitants made it the residence of theCumaean sibyl. The Grotto of Truth was situated hithe wood sacred to the goddess Trivia, and in itsneighbourhood was the Acherusian lake. In thisregion Cicero had a country seat, Cuma; had a considerable territory, and a naval force in her port,Puteoli. She founded Naples (Neapolis), and, inSicily, Zancle or Messina. In 420 B. C., Cumae was