VALENTINIANUS

VALETS

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the command of the emperor Constaritius.f 359 he formed the Homoean party, which■Hied the eastern church during the followingtwenty years, till the accession of Theodosiusthe victory to the Nicene or catholic party.He probably retained, however, his Anomoeanviews to the end, as we find him interferingwith the emperor Valens in behalf of Eunomius,the leader of that party, when condemned toesile in 366 (Philost. H. E. ix. 8). Tne activityand influence of Valens was confined to theeast. The west was always hostile to him, andfrequently excommunicated him, the last occa-sion being at a council held at Rome in 369.He probably died some time prior to 375.The authorities for Valens are very numerous.Hilary of Poitiers and Athanasius, and Socratesin his History, frequently mention him. Gwat-kin’s Studies of Arianism, and Hefele’s Councils,t. ii. (Clark’s translation) give full references forhis manifold intrigues. [G. T. S.]

VALENS (5), emperor, A.D. 364-378. Hewas brother of Valeutinian I., and was born about328. His wife was named Albia Dominica, bywhom he had a sou Galates, and two daughters,Anastasia and Carosa. He was made emperorof the East in March 364, and immediately dis-played his sympathy with Arian doctrines, whichshowed itself in active hostility to the Athana-sian party. His secular history will be foundin the Diet, of Greek and Roman Biography,we shall here confine ourselves to his churchaction. He was baptized in 368, by the ArianEudoxius, patriarch of C. P. In 370 he iscredited by all the historians, Socrates iv. 16,Sozumen vi. 14, Theodoret iv. 24, with an act ofatrocious cruelty. Eighty ecclesiastics, led byUrbanus, Theodoras, and Mendemus, were sent bythe orthodox party of C. P. to protest againstthe conduct of the Arians in that city. Valensis said to have sent them all to sea, ordering thesailors to set fire to the ship and then to abandonit. They all perished off the coast of Bithynia,and are celebrated as martyrs on Sept. 5. (Mart.Rmi) In 371 lie made a tour through hisAsiatic province. At Caesarea in Cappadocia, hecame into conflict with St. Basil, whose letters,Migne, P. G. t. xxxii., afford us a very livelypicture of the persecution of Valens. He pro-posed to send St. Basil into exile. Just at thatmoment his only son fell sick. Valens had

recourse to the saint, who promised to heal himil he received orthodox baptism. The Arianswere however allowed to baptize the youngw ^° thereupon died. Basil and the« odox naturally attributed his death toe judgment of heaven on the imperialo s macy. In 374 Valens raised, a persecu-lon against the Neo-platouic philosophers, and' 1 0 doath several of their leaders, among

ila ,“ IMUS (25) Of Ephesus, the tutor andand i,°a . em I>eror Julian, Hilarius, SimonidesM ■ , 1 10 . mcus - His anger was excited at thiswhicl ma gical practices, by a conspiracy

is H ! 1 d “ C0Te « d Antioch. The story'i. 35 < Th“l t ~- n - S0 “- H -- K 19 ’ and S “'

8uo . pagan party wished to secure theValem* n' ^xone of Theodorus, one of

to maL P i lnClpal C0urt 0 ®°icials. They resorted'food and 1 ! nca , n ® tl0us with a tripod of laurel-

like

modern spiritualism. The table spelled out thefour letters 0, e, o, 5, whence they concludedthat Theodorus would certainly succeed. Theseance came to the ears of Valens, who putTheodore to death and every one else whosename began with the unfortunate letters, theemperor absurdly supposing, as the historianwell remarks, that he could put his successor todeath. The father of Theodosius the Great issupposed to have suffered in consequence of thesuspicion of Valens. St. Chrysostom tco, as istold in the article on him, had a narrow escapeat the same time. It would extend this articleto undue limits to enumerate and describe allthe acts of persecution at Edessa, Antioch,Alexandria and Constantinople attributed by thehistorians to Valens, in all of which Modestus(3), the praetorian prefect, was his most activeagent, save in Egypt, where Lucius, the Ariansuccessor of Athanasius, endeavoured in vain toterrify the monks into conformity. The lastyear of Valens* life was marked by a strikingmanifestation of monkish courage. In the year378 Valens was leaving Constantinople for hisfatal struggle with the Goths at Adrianople.As he rode out of the city an anchorite, Isaac,who lived there, met the emperor and boldlypredicted his death. The emperor ordered himto be kept in prison till his return when hewould punish him ; a threat at which the monkonly laughed. Clinton’s FaSti, i. 476, ii. 119,should be consulted for the chronology ofValens. Till. Emp . t. v. and De Broglie’sL'Eglise et VEmpire Romain , t. v., give goodconnected accounts of the career and violence ofValens. The names and narratives of the c©n-teniporary church historians have been already,mentioned. [G. T. S.] ,

VALENS (6), a deacon in Augustine’s clericalcommunity, intending to devote his property,like the subdeacon Patricius, to its maintenance(Aug. Serm. 356, § 3). [Patricius (6).]

[C. H.]

VALENTIANUS, Roman curator of Russi-cada, who compelled Victor, bishop of that place,to burn the book of the four gospels which hehad in his possession at the time of the perse-cution under Diocletian. (Aug. c. Cresc. iii.c. 27, § 30.) [H. W. P.]

VALENTINA, July 25, virgin of Caesareaand martyr in Palestine under Firmilianus (2),the successor of Urbanus as governor of thatprovince. She protested against the torturesinflicted on another woman, and kicked over thealtar which stood in front of Firmilianus. Shewas then tortured and condemned to die by fire.(Euseb. Mart. Palaest. viii.) [G. T. S.]

VALENTINIANUS (1) I. was a native ofCibalis in Pannonia. He entered the army, andhaving served with distinction, was captain ofthe guards during the reign of Julian, when heboldly confessed Christ. Theodoret tells us(IP. E. iii. 16) that when Julian was one dayentering the temple of Fortune with great pomp,Valentinian was marching in the processionbefore him. Two priests had stationed them-selves at the gate, to sprinkle all who enteredwith lustral water. Some of it fell uponValentinian’s robe, whereupon he struck the

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