JUVENALIS

JUVENALIS

507

by threats of deposition as heretics, to sign abJank paper on which the sentence was to berecorded (ibid. 129). The natural consequenceof this open patronage of heresy of the deepestdve was that the name of Juvenal, togetherwith those of his violent and tyrannical leaderDioscorus and the other bishops of the “latro-cinium,” was removed from the diptychs ofHome and other orthodox churches (Leo Magn.Ep. ad Anatolium , 80 [60]). This sentencewas confirmed in a second letter, June 19 ofthe same year (ibid. 85 [112]). This decidedaction on the part of the leading prelate ofChristendom alarmed Juvenal, and questionsof orthodoxy and heterodoxy being completelysecondary with him to his own interest, weare not surprised to find him facing completelyround at Chalcedon in 451, and denouncingthe doctrines he had supported two years beforeat Ephesus. The place he occupied in thecouncil indicated that he had been compelledto abate somewhat of his overweening preten-sions. Anatolius of Constantinople and Maxi-mus of Antioch both took precedence of him,as did the Roman legates and Dioscorus (Labbe,iv. 79 et passim). The proceedings had notadvanced far when Juvenal, seeing clearly whatcourse events were taking, rose up with thebishops of Palestine in his train, and crossed overfrom (he right, where he had been sitting with theAlexandrine prelates, to the Orientals on the leftamid shouts of “ Welcome, orthodox one ! It isGod who has brought thee over here ” (ibid. 178).This desertion of his old friends barely saved him.Evidence being read as to the violence with whichFlavian’s condemnation had been enforced, andthe brutality with which he had been treated,the imperial commissioners at once proposedJuvenal’s deposition, together with Dioscorus,Eusebius, and the others who had taken aleading part in these disgraceful transactions(ibid. 323). Juvenal evidently felt that con-sistency must now be sacrificed to the main-tenance of his position, and having given hisvote and signature to the deposition of Dioscorus(ibid. 458) and signed the tome of Leo (ibid.798), the objections of the commissioners wereoverruled, and by the desire of the bishops whowere disposed to deal indulgently with theirerring brethren, Juvenal and his four com-panions were allowed to resume their seats,amid a shout of welcome, “This is the Lord’sdoing.” “ Many years to the orthodox. Thisis the peace of the churches” (ibid. 509). Hesubsequently took part in drawing up thedeclaration of faith (ibid. 559-562), and signedthe letter sent to Leo (Baluz. 1370). We havea Latin translation of a synodical letter writtenin his own name and that of the bishops ofPalestine, A.d. 453, to the Archimandrites, pres-byters, and mouks of the province confirmingthe decrees of Chalcedon (Labbe, iv. 889).

Juvenal’s enjoyment of his newly acquireddignity was speedily disturbed. The decrees ofChalcedon were not at all acceptable to a largenumber of the archimandrites and monks of Pales-tine, who generally held Eutychian views, andthey, in 452, addressed letters to Marcian and toPulcheria, remonstrating against the conduct oftheir bishop and the proceedings of the councilgenerally. Both the emperor and empress ad-ministered severe rebukes to the remonstrants in

their replies (Labbe, iv. 874, 879). The imperialdispleasure, however, failed to repisss the turbu-lence of the malcontents, and, under the leader-ship of Theodosius, a fanatical Monophysite monk,patronised by the empress dowager Eudocia, whohad made Jerusalem her home, they threw thewhole province into confusion. Juvenal’s lifewas threatened. The walls and gates wereguarded to prevent his escape. But he con-trived to conceal himself from his enemies,and, together with Domnus, managed to makehis way to the desert, whence he fled toConstantinople, and laid his complaints againstTheodosius and his partisans before the emperor(Labbe, iv. 858; Cyrill. Scythop. Euthym. Fit.82 ; Evagr. H. E. ii. 5; Theophan. p. 92).Marcian took decided measures for the restora-tion of order. After holding possession for twoyears, Theodosius was expelled from Jerusalem,45.3 a.d., and Juvenal was restored; u nonjam resultante populo sed desiderante ” areLeo’s perhaps too sanguine words in his letter ofthanks to Marcian for his intervention. Jan. 9,454 (Ep. 126 [157]). Eudocia, also, at the desireof Euthymius and by the persuasions of SimeonStylites, returned to Jerusalem, and renewedcommunion with Juvenal, her example provinginfluential to bring back the large majority both ofmouks and laity to the cathedral church (£*«-thym.Vit. 86). One of the first acts of Juvenalon his restoration was to hold a council whichissued a synodical letter to the two Palestines,declaring the perfect orthodoxy of the decrees ofChalcedon, and denying that anything had therebeen altered in, or added to, the Nicene faith(Labbe, iv. 889). Peace, however, was not speedilyrestored. However, mutual illwill and suspicioncontinued to embitter the relations of Juvenal tohis province, and Evagrius complains of the evilswhich had followed his return (Evagr. H. E. ii. 5).On his restoration to his see, Juvenal wrote toapprise Leo of the happy turn his fortunes hadtaken. Leo, in reply, Sept. 4, 454 A.B., offeredhim his congratulations, but told him plainlythat he had brought his troubles on his own headby his condemnation of Flavian and admission ofthe errors of Eutyches,and that having favouredheretics he cannot now blame them. He ex-pressed his satisfaction that he had repented andcome to a better mind, and advises him to studyhis tome to confirm him in the faith (Leo Mngn.Ep. 139 [171]). A letter similar in tone hadbeen written by Leo, two years before, at thecommencement of the troubles, to Julian bishopof Cos, Nov. 25, 452 A.D., in which he expresseshis sympathy with Juvenal, but says that hehas only himself to thank for his troubles,through having embraced the impieties ofDioscorus and Eusebius, and led many to followhis example, who had drunk deeper of thepoison than himself, and from disciples becomeenemies, “facti sunt ejus adversarii cujus anteafuerunt discipuli ” (Ep. 109 [138]). Once again,in 457 A.D., Leo addressed Juvenal among theother metropolitans of the East, with reference tothe troubles at Alexandria, which had culminatedin the murder of Proterius, urging him to resistthe requisition to summon another council andto defend the faith as declared at Chalcedon, andcommunicate his letter to his suffragan bishops(Ep. 150 [119]). His name is. also found amongthe bishops to r,Aonj the emperor Leo wrote,