JUSTUS

JUSTUS

593

apparently in or about 604, shortly before thedeath of Augustine (Bede, H. E. ii. 3). Asbishop of Rochester Justus joined with Laurentiusand Mellitus in the letters to the Irish andBritish bishops, which Bede declares to havebeen so futile {H. E. ii. 4). St. Boniface andpope Zachary {Bon. Epp. ed. Jaffe, pp. 114, 185)ascribe to him a share in the legislative activityof Augustine and Laurentius, and Bede describeshis government of his see at Rochester duringEthelbert’s life as careful and laborious {H. E.ii. 7). On the death of Ethelbert Justus joinedMellitus in his flight into Gaul, whence theyreturned after a year’s exile ; Justus resumed thegovernment of his church, Mellitus was unableto return to London, and shortly after becamearchbishop of Canterbury (Bede, H. E. ii. 5, 6).

On the death of Mellitus, which occurred onApril 24, 624, Justus immediately succeeded.He opened communications with pope Boniface V.,who sent him a pall, thus empowering hjm toconsecrate bishops, and a long letter in which hementions the part which Justus had taken inthe conversion of Eadbald (Bede, H. E. ii. 8).Besides this letter, which is undoubtedly genuine,another epistle of Boniface V. is preserved, inwhich the pope establishes the primatial see atCanterbury, and alleges that such was theintention of St. Gregory (Will. Malmesb. GestaPontif. lib. i. § 31, ed. Hamilton, p. 47 ; Haddanand Stubbs, iii. 73). This letter, with others ofthe same series, labours under the suspicion ofhaving been fabricated to suit the purposes ofthe convent of Canterbury ; and, although thiscannot be proved, they cannot be received im-plicitly. The former letter is given by Bede,and quoted by the English bishops writing toLeo III. in 805 (Haddan and Stubbs, iii. 559,560). The assumption by Boniface, that with-out the pall the archbishops were incompetentto consecrate suffragans, may lead to theinference that as Laurentius and Mellitus are notrecorded by Bede as having received the pall,therefore they abstained from consecrating, afact which could not fail to limit the extensionof the missionary church. The first act ofJustus, after receiving the emblem of metro-politan authority, was to consecrate Romanus ashis successor at Rochester (Bede, H\ E. ii. 8).Some time after this he sent Romanus to Rome,but the unfortunate bishop was drowned in theItalian sea (Bede, H. E. ii. 20), and Paulinus didnot live to appoint a successor. Honorius, thepope to whom Romanus was sent, became popein November, 625.

Before the death of Boniface V. Justus hadbeen called upon to take an important part inthe conversion of Northumbria, where kingEdwin, having married Ethelberga, the daughterof Ethelbert, allowed his newly married wife tobring a Christian bishop in her train. Paulinus,who was chosen as founder of the Northumbrianchurch, was consecrated by Justus on July 21,625 (Bede, H. E. ii. 9). Justus lived to see thesuccessful portion of Paulinus’s career, whichreached its climax in the spring of 627. It isprobable that he also was engaged in thenegotiations by which the successive kings ofthe East Angles were drawn towards Chris-tianity. His archiepiscopate however was short,for he was an old man when he reached thedignity. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicleohrwt. biogr.— vox,, in.

he died in 627; the Canterbury chronologist#assign him a period of three years {Ang. Sac. i.287), varied however with statements that givethirteen (£6. 86). Bede furnishes no sufficientdata, but in computing the dates of the East-Anglian bishops {H. E. ii. 15; iii. 20) seems tothrow back the appointment of Honorius, thesuccessor of Justus, ta some date between 627and 631. The precise year has been muchdebated (see Wharton, Ang. Sac. i. 92 ; Haddanand Stubbs, iii. 73) ; but the date 627 may beprovisionally accepted. [Hojjorius.] The dayof Justus’s death was Nov. 10 (Bede, H. E. ii109). He was buried with his predecessors inthe north porch of St. Augustine’s ( ib . u 3).Elmham (p. 170) gives a poetical epitaph.

Tradition and legend have not busied them-selves much with the life of Justus. Gotselinus,whose biography is still in MS. (Har. Cat, Mat. i.222), could add no facts to those mentioned byBede ; Capgrave {ib. 223) only abridged Gotse-linus. The poetical life of Justus {ib.) iu theLambeth MS. 159, is also still unprinted; itcontains only twenty-two lines.

Elmham, following his usual plan of describ-ing the lives of the archbishops by inferentialstatements, enlarges on the friendship of Justusfor abbat Rufinianus at St. Augustine’s. Thestatement of this writer that Justus took partin the foundation of St. Peter’s at Westminster(pp. 271-272), seems to be a misreading of thestory told by William of Malmesbury {GestaPontiff, lib. ii. § 73).

The name of Justus appears in severalcharters of very questionable authenticity,besides the more respectable one in whichEthelbert endows the church of Rochester(Kemble, C. JD. No. 1). Such are the documentsconnected with the foundation of St. Augustine's(Kemble, C.D. Nos. 4, 5, 6; Elmham, pp. 114,119, 144; Mon. Angl. i. 127).

Besides the ancient authorities already cited,the history of Justus is worked out by Harps-field, p. 61; by Alford in the Annates; bv Whar-ton in the Anglia Sacra , i. p. 92 ; and by Hook,Archbishops of Canterbury , vol. i. pp. 99-109.

Of the character of this archbishop, so far asit is illustrated by his acts, little more can besaid than that, having, in common with Lau-rentius and Mellitus, no share of the martyr’sspirit, he had probably more of the character ofa missionary than either of his predecessors.This would appear from the fact of his return toRochester after his flight, as well as from hisdealings with Northumbria; and probably, ifthe date of his death were more certainly fixed,it would be found that the extension of themissionary work of the Kentish church underHonorius was partly attributable to the impulsegiven under Justus. [S.J

JUSTUS (23), twenty-first bishop of Cler-mont, early in the 7th century. See Gall. Ckr.ii. 244. [S. A. B.]

JUSTUS (24), tenth bishop of Sarsina, c.613. (Cappelletti, Le Chiese d*Italia , ii. 487,518.) Ughelli (ii. 654) omits him.

[A. H. D. A.]

JUSTUS (25), metropolitan of Toledo fromearly in 633 till the beginning of March 636.He subscribed the acts of the irmmrfunt fourth

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