CABBALAH

CADFAN

363

B. Simon b. Yochai to his numerous assemblyof disciples, on the form of the Deity and onpneumatology. (10) Yanuka (NpB'), or Dis-courses by the young men of superhuman originon the mysteries of ablutions: and (11) IdraSuta (NtDIT NT1N), or the Small Assembly,giving the discourses of R. Simon b. Yochai onthe Sephiroth to the small congregation of sexsurviving disciples.

8. Date and Origin .—To determine the riseand age of this esoteric doctrine, great care mustbe taken to distinguish between the essentialfeatures which constitute it a separate systemwithin the precincts of Judaism, and those col-lateral ideas which were afloat among the Jewsfrom time immemorial, and which the Cabbalistsmade contributory to the exposition of theirtheosophy. That everything is in the Deity,that worlds were created and destroyed prior tothe present creation, that Metatron is at thehead of the angelic hosts, that the serpent whichseduced Eve is identical with Satan, that man isandrogynous, that the righteous are greater thanthe angels, that all human souls are pre-existent,that the soul is subject to transmigration, thatthe Bible under the garment of the letter con-teals deep mysteries, that these recondite thoughtsare to be evolved by peculiar exegetical rulesinvolving the transposition and commutation©£ the letters, that all this and many other topicspropounded in the Sohar are to be found in theearliest extra-canonical Jewish writings, are factswell-known to those who are conversant withRabbinical literature. These, however, aresimply so much old material used up in theerection of the building, but do not constitutethe edifice itself. The cardinal doctrines of theCabbalah, which constitute its distinguishingfeatures, are the speculations about the En Soph,the Sephiroth, the Archetypal Man, and theevolution of the creation. Now the Book ofCreation, which the Cabbalists claim as theiroldest document, being as they assert the pfo-duction of the patriarch Abraham, has nothingwhatever in common with these vital dogmas.Even its treatment of the ten digits, as part ofthe thirty-two ways of wisdom whereby Godcreated the universe, which has undoubtedlysuggested to the authors of the Cabbalah theidea of the ten Sephiroth, is quite different fromthe mode in which the Cabbalistic Sephiroth aredepicted. When it is added that the languageand whole complexion of this pseudograph, aswell as the train of ideas therein enunciated,shew unmistakably that it is a production of the9th century of the Christian era, we at once seethat the doctrines of the Cabbalah could nothave originated prior to this period. It is truethat the Sohar, which is the sacred canon of theCabbalists, pretends to be a revelation from Godcommunicated through R. Simon b. Yochai, whoflourished about a.d. 70-110, and that such dis-tinguished Christian scholars as Lightfoot, Gill,Bartolocci, Pfeifer, Knorr von Rosenroth, Molitor,&c., have ascribed this date to it. The fact,however, that the Sohar praises most fulsomelyR. Simon b. Yochai, its supposed author, exaltinghim above Moses, mystically explains the Hebrewvowel-points, which did not obtain till A.D. 570,borrowed two verses from the celebrated hymncalled the Royal Diadem by Ibn Gebirol, whowas born about a.d. 1021, mentions the cru-

saders, the taking of Jerusalem by the Crusadersand the retaking it by the Saracens, speaks o.the comet which appeared at Rome, July 15,1264, under the pontificate of Urban IV., and bya slip assigns a reason why its contents were notrevealed before A.M. 5060-66 = a.d. 1300-1306,shews beyond doubt that its author lived in the13th century of the Christian era. This is fullyconfirmed by the fact that the doctrine of theEn Soph, the Sephiroth, and the metempsychosianretribution, was not known before the 13th cen-tury, and that the very existence of the Sohar,according to the confession of staunch Cabbaliststhemselves, was not known before this period.For these and many other reasons the most dis-tinguished critics now admit that Moses da Leon(f 1305), who first published and sold the Soharas the production of R. Simon b. Yochai, washimself its author, as was indeed confessed byhis own wife and daughter.

9. Literature. —Azariel, Commentary on theDoctrine of the Sephiroth , Warsaw, 1798, andBerlin, 1850: Commentary on the Song of Songs 7by the same author, Altona, 1763: the Sohar ,frequently published, and Baron von Rosenroth’stranslation of portions of this celebrated workin his Kabbala Denudata, Sulzbach, 1677-78:Franck, La Kabbale, ed. Jellinek, Leipzig, 1844:Stern, Analysis of the Sohar in the DenChananja , vols. i.-v.: Graetz, Geschichte derJudcn , vol. vii. 442-459: Low, Ben Chananja , vi.325 ff.: Ginsburg, The Kabbalah , its Doctrines ,Development , and Literature , London, 1865.

[C. D. G.]

CADAN. [Catan.]

CADAR (Cadoc), third archbishop of Londonin British times, in the list compiled by Jocelinof Furness in the 12th century. He also occursat Caerleon. (Godwin, Praesul. 170; Usher, Brit.Ecg. Ant. Wks. v. 88 ; Le Neve, Fasti , ii. 273, ed.Hardy; Stubbs, Legist . Sac. 152.) [C. H.]

CADDA (1) (Ceadda, Chad), grandfather ofCaedwalla, king of the West Saxons (A. S. C.an. 685). The reading Ceadda in two MSS.(ed. Thorpe) is adopted by Ingram, who in histranslation writes it Chad. [C. H.]

(2) a bishop whose name is attached toa spurious charter of a.d. 706 (Kemble, C. D.No. 58); possibly Hedda or Headda, bishop ofLichfield. [Headda.] [S.]

CABELL, king of Powys. [Catell.]

CADELL, Welsh saint of the 7th century,patron of Llangadell, a church formerly inGlamorganshire. (Rees, Welsh Saints, 295; E.Williams, lolo Manuscripts , 498.) [C. H.]

CADEOLDTJS (Edaldus), St., bishop ofVienne. Originally a monk, he became abbatof Grison and finally bishop of Vienne. He diedin 696. The mode of spelling his name is doubt-ful (Acta SS. Boll. Jan. i. 975). [H. W. Y.]

He occurs in the Martyrologium of Usuard,with an alias Eoldus (see also the Obss. and Auct.).Commemorated Jan. 14. [C. H.]

CADFAN (1), a Celtic saint of the 6thcentury, of good birth in Armorica, who crossedover into Wales at the head of a large company,most of them of princely rank and his own re-latives, exiled, it is conjectured, in consequence