BUDOCUS
condition, or at best, in the western heaven of!*m tibha.
i>rom China Buddhism has spread into Corea,Japan, and Cochin China, as from Ceylon it spreadinto Burmah and Siam.
But wide as Buddhism has thus extended inthe East, it has not been without its influence alsoon the West. It is true that no Buddhist com-munion has ever been established in Europe orWestern Asia, but Buddhist ideas have filteredwestwards through Gnosticism and Manichaeism.These systems were an attempt to unite Christi-anity and Oriental philosophy, and many of theideas of Manichaeism were but fragments ofBuddhism. But rightly to estimate this Buddhistinfluence on the world, we must remember thatBuddhism sprang up in India; nearly all itstenets were based on the immemorial belief ofthe Hindu mind. It was the moral teaching ofBuddha and his proclamation that the highestreligious truth was open to all castes alike, whichformed the special features of his system; allelse he only borrowed or modified from theBrahmans whom he opposed. There were, intruth, only three creative national intellects inthe ancient world, the Hebrew, the Greek, andthe Hindu; and Buddhism is that product ofthe Hindu mind, which, for good or for evil, hasmost widely influenced mankind.
[In addition to the special works already men-tioned in the course of this article, we wouldsingle out the following from the wide litera-ture on the subject. For the general subject,C. F. Koppen’s Die Religion des Buddha undihre Entstehung , 1857, a most able review ofBuddhism, only marred by the needlessly hostiletone adopted towards Christianity; a second vol.appeared in 1859, Die Lamaische Hierarchic undKirche; St. Hilaire, Le Bouddha et sa Religion ,1866. For the northern Buddhism, Burnouf’s In-trod. a Vhistoire du Buddhisme Indien , 1844; andLe Lotus de la bonne Lot , 1852 (a transl. of oneof the canonical books of Nepal, with copiousnotes and appendices); Foucaux’s transl. of theLalita Vistara, Rgya tch’er-rol-pa ou ddocloppcmentdesjeux , 1848 ; Wassilief, Der Buddhismus, 1860,translated by Benfey (there is also a poor Frenchtransl. by La Comme, 1863); and Julien, Voyagesdes pelerins Bouddhistes , 1853-8. For Mongo-lian Buddhism, the numerous publications ofSchmidt in the transactions of the Imperial Aca-demy of St. Petersburg. For Chinese Buddhismit will suffice to refer to Beal’s Catena of BuddhistScriptures from the Chinese , 1871, and the worksmentioned therein.
For the southern Buddhism, Tumour’s Maha-wanso, 1837; R. S. Hardy’s Eastern Monachism ,1850, and Manual of Buddhism , 1853; the latterwork, though chiefly composed from Singhaleseauthorities, is an invaluable compilation; BishopBigandet’s Life of Gaudama , 1866 ; Max Muller’stransl. of the Dhammapada , printed in Rogers’stransl. of Buddhaghoshd’s Parables , 1870;
Childers’ Pali Dictionary ; and various articleshy D. J. Gogerly in the Ceylon Friend and theJournal of the Ceylon branch of the R. A. S.]
[E. B. C.]
BUDOCUS, ST. , an aJbbot and confessor of the6th century, said to have succeeded Maglorius,in the see of Dol, in Brittany (Haddan andStubbs, Councils, 2, 88). The parish of St. Bua-
BUGGA. 355'
dock is just west of Falmouth (which was oncoincluded in it), and the church of his disciple St,Winwolaus (Gunwallo) is south of this, in tnoLizard district. His feast day was Dec. 8 (seeLeland, Itin. 3, p. 25). The Close Rolls, i. 498,529, mention a church of St. Budock, in Oxford.
[C. W. B.] •
BUGGA, BuCGA. (1) A nun, daughter oithe abbess Dunna, to whom Oshere, under kingof Hwiccia, gave lands on the river Tillath tofound a monastery; she appears to have marriedand had a daughter, Hrotwari, who succeeded tothe monastery by her grandmother’s gift (Kemble,Cod. Dipl. i. 98), under her mother’s guardian-ship. When Hrotwari came of age Bucga re-fused to surrender the monastery, and was onlydislodged by decree of a council in 736 or 737(Haddan and Stubbs, iii. 337). The story is ofimportance as illustrating the state of monasticdiscipline, and the hereditary transmission ofmonastic property, so severely commented on byBenedict Biscop and Bede.
(2) Bugga, also called Eadburga or Heaburga,the third abbess of Minster, in Thanet. Sheappears, from the letters of Boniface, to havebeen the daughter of an abbess Eangyth (ep. 30);and from a poem preserved among Alcuin’s workswe learn that her father was a king of Wessex,“ Eutwin,” whom Mabillon identifies with Esc-win, who died in 676. It is, however, more pro-bably, Kentwine, who died in 685 (Act. SS. 0. S. B.saec. iii. 424-426). She is recorded to have rebuiltthe monastery of St. Mildred (Elmham, ed. Hard-wick, p. 219), and the poem above referred toseems to have been composed on the occasion(Ale. Opp. ed. Froben, ii. 549). She is, however,best known from the letters of Boniface. Be-tween 719 and 722, her mother writes to Boni-face stating that a pilgrimage which she hadmany years before proposed to make to Romehad been prevented by the infancy of her daugh-ter, and asking his prayers and advice aboutthe journey (ep. 30). A little later Bugga her-self writes to him, sending him fifty solidi andan altar-cloth, congratulating him on his successand asking him to write to her (ep. 3). Thenext letter is probably much later in date,Boniface condoles with her on the troubles whichhad befallen her in her old age, and seems, in amystical way, to refer to her buildings at Min-ster (ep. 31). In another he addresses her asabbess, congratulates her on having found aresting-place at Rome (ep. 32). She appears tohave gone to Rome after she undertook theabbacy, and there to have met Boniface, whothrough her sent a message to king Ethelbertof Kent, promising him his prayers. Ethelbertreminds him of his promise some years after,but unfortunately the date of the letter cannotwell be fixed (ep. 84). Finally, archbishopBregwin, writing to Lullus, between 759 and765, mentions that Bugga died on the 27th ofDecember, and begged him before her death toconvey the news to Lullus. Elmham (ed. Hard-wick, p. 220) dates her death in 751, but thisIs certainly too early. These particulars, fromthree several sources, are well put together byMabillon, who did not however perceive that theidentity of Bugga and Eadburga is proved, ratherthan disproved, by the concurrence of the WestSaxon and Kentish authorities. That she. was a
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