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OF THE GRAVEL AND STONE.

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afflicted with the gravel. If one of these stones hap-pen to make a lodgment in the bladder for some time,it accumulates fresh matter, and at length becomestoo large to pass off with the urine. In this case thepatient is said to have the stone.

CAUSES.—The stone and gravel may be occa-sioned by high living; the use of strong astringentwines; a sedentary life; lying too hot, soft, or too muchon the back; the constant use of water impregnatedtvith earthy or stony particles; aliments of an astrin-gent or windy nature, &c. It may likewise proceedfrom an hereditary disposition. Persons in the de-cline of life, and those who have been much afflictedwith the gout or rheumatisms, are most liable to it.

SYMPTOMS.—Small stones or gravel in the kid-neys occasion pain in the loins, sickness, vomiting, andsometimes bloody urine. When the stone descends in-to the ureter, and is too large to pass along with ease,all the above symptoms are increased; the pain ex-tends towards the bladder; the thigh and leg of theaifected side are benumbed; the testicles are drawnupwards, and the urine is obstructed.

A stone in the bladder is known from a pain at thetime, as well as before and after making water; fromthe urine coming away by drops, or stopping suddenlywhen it was running in full stream; by a violent painin the neck of the bladder upon motion, especially onhorseback, or in a carriage on a rough road; from awhite, thick, copious stinking mucous sediment in theurine; from an itching in the top of the penis; frombloody urine; from an inclination to go to stool duringthe discharge of urine; from the patient's passing hisurine more easily when lying than in an erect posture,from a kind of convulsive motion occasioned by thesharp pain in discharging the last drops of the urine;and lastly, from sounding or searching with thecatheter.

REGIMEN.—Persons afflicted with the gravel orstone should avoid aliments of a windy or heating na-ture, as salt meats, sour fruits, &c. Their diet ought