194 THE IIISTOEY OS' THE ORDER OF [book I.

The first crusade, that changed the whole face ofsociety, operated first on tactics; and began thegreat military revolution that led to gunpowder . 1

There were churches and established houses ofthe order in England, Sicily , 2 and Palestine before1112, and at Arles in France in 1105, and manyother places. Fra has often changed meaning.There was a time when it meant Knight , and thattime was Gerard’s; so he applied it to his com-panions . 3 And in English it must not be translatedSir. Baldwin is Fra , Robert Duke of Normandyis Fra. “We are all brethren and equals by therights of brotherhood,” says Bohemond, and callsGodfrey, “ Prince and regulator of all his brethren.”Another Robert who was an Hospitaller in Englandin 1100, and was mere Sir, is called in Italian Fra ;which shows how soon that word was, as it were,appropriated by the order . 4 The Templars followedthe same use, though they had no clerical class, butreformed it away, as well the two other greatduties of hospitality, and only kept the first, ormilitary . 6 As to the form of Gerard’s cross, thereis much idle learning, and the common, is probablytbe true; that like many other things, it has a

1 P. A. Paoli : 337. 2 Id.: 398.

3 Id. : 247. 4 Id. : 260.

5 Id. : 262.