CIIA1M.] ST. JOHN OS’ JERUSALEM. 73

gloated. A very brief though glorious struggle hadbeen made by Eastern Christians; but in 1071 un-fortunate Byzantium had its frightful assailantswithin sight, howling horribly along its suburbanAsiatic coast—protected from them by that narrowslip of water alone.

But why not a few glimpses back into that longperiod? When St. Gregory, early in 600 a.d., ob-jected to the Con stantinopolitan Patriarch’s beingstyled the universal bishop, as an antichristian title;was it not that he considered it misapplied, not asbad in itself—as applicable solely to the Popede jure , though not then perhaps strong enough towear it de facto) but not to the Patriarch underany circumstances ? Was not this St. Gregory’stacit meaning, whether others think it an unfairpretension or not? Not to any Greek Emperor,but to Charlemagne, Iiaroun el Rascid sent the keysof the Holy Sepulchre, showing that, in the Mos-lem’s opinion, the Emperor of the West, or France,is the natural protector of Palestine, and not theGreek; and however it has been since, so it wasin that olden time. And thus all the nations ofChristian Europe were comprised in the termFranks; although certainly the chief part of the po-pulation of both Constantinople and Jerusalem, wereat that time Greeks, nearly as they are at present.