UNDER CHARLES THE SECOND.

253

and placed ordnance round Whitehall. In that year our cbas .

tongue was enriched with two words, Mob and Sham, re--

markable memorials of a season of tumult and imposture. *Opponents of the court were called Birminghams, Petitioners,and Exclusionists. Those who took the King’s side wereAntibirminghams, Abhorrers, and Tantivies. These appel-lations soon became obsolete: but at this time were first heard Names oftwo nicknames which, though originally given in insult, were iorj\ a °soon assumed with pride, which are still in daily use, whichhave spread as widely as the English race, and which willlast as long as the English literature. It is a curious circum-stance that one of these nicknames was of Scotch, and theother of Irish, origin. Both in Scotland and in Ireland, mis-government had called into existence bands of desperatemen whose ferocity was heightened by religious enthusiasm.

In Scotland, some of the persecuted Covenanters, drivenmad by oppression, had lately murdered the Primate, hadtaken arms against the government, had obtained some ad-vantages against the King’s forces, and had not been putdown till Monmouth, at the head of some troops from Eng-land, had routed them at Bothwell Bridge. These zealotswere most numerous among the rustics of the western low-lands, who were vulgarly called Whigs. Thus the appella-tion of Whig was fastened on the Presbyterian zealots of Scot-land, and was transferred to those English politicians whoshowed a disposition to oppose the court, and to treat Pro-testant Nonconformists with indulgence. The bogs of Ire-land, at the same time, afforded a refuge to Popish outlaws,much resembling those who were afterwards known asWhiteboys. These men were then called Tories. The nameof Tory was therefore given to Englishmen who refused toconcur in excluding a Homan Catholic prince from thethrone.

’ North’s Examen, 231. 514.