ECHO — ECHTERNACH.
6.59
Lutheran Church of Hungary.
Hearers • • • • • 650,000
Places of worship.448
Clergymen • • • .. 4 56
One place of worship for every 1500 persons.
One clergyman for every place of worship.
Income ...... £25,080
Highest stipend, 80/.—average, 55/. for 456 persons.650000 hearers, at 40,000/. per million ofhearers.£26,000
Estimated Expenditure on the Clergy in Italy.
Hearers. 19,391,200
The Italians are nearly all Roman Catholics. Ac-cording to a publication, called Prospetto geograficastatistico degli Stati Europei, printed at Milan, 1820,thev are distributed as follows :—
Kingdom of Sardinia (of which the island,
520,900) .... 3,985,000
Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, subject to
Austria . . . .
Duchy of Parma
Duchy of Modena (Reggio and Mirandola)Duchy of Massa and CarraraDuchy of LuccaGrand duchy of TuscanyStates of the ChurchRepublic of San MarinoKingdom of the Two Sicilies, or Naples,(of which the island of Sicily, 1,600,000)Italians detached from Italy—
Malta . . . 104,600
Corsica . . . 180,000
4,117,000
390,000
350,000
30,000
127,000
1,198,000
2,430,000
7,000
7,576,000
284,600
19,675,800
Places of worship . . . 16,170
Clergymen . . . . . 20,400
Estimated at one working clergyman for every1000 persons (being more than in France and lessthan in Spain), and 1000 dignitaries as follows :—
1 pope.
46 cardinals.
38 archbishops. ) Estimated at one prelate62 bishops. ) for every 200,000 people.853 other dignitaries.
19,400 working clergymen.
20,400
One clergyman for every 950 persons.
One place of worship for every 1200 persons.
Income . . . . £ 776,000
Being at the rate of 40,000/. per million of hearers.19,391,200 hearers, at 40,000/. per millionof hearers . . . . £ 776,000
This table is taken from Remarks on the Consump-tion of the public Wealth by the Clergy of everyNation, &c. (London, 1822), and is said to havebeen framed with the assistance of a gentleman whohad resided a considerable time in the great cities ofItaly, particularly in Rome, and had given muchattention to the subject.
The following statements respecting Russia aretaken irom the Statisque et Itineraire de la Russie , parJ. H. Schnitzler, Paris and St. Petersburg, 1829. Thepopulation is estimated at 55,000,000. The clergyof Russia may be estimated at 230,000 individuals inactual service, of whom the cities comprise about
60,000; above 190,000 belong to the orthodox Greekchurch, inclusive of the lay brothers, the choristers,&c.; the Catholic clergy amount to more than 30,000 ;the Protestant clergy do not exceed 1000, and thereare above 9000 Mollahs. These are all allowed tomarry, except the Catholics. Nearly 200,000 arefathers of families, and the total number of personsconnected with the clergy may be computed at900,000. Their condition differs according to theirrank : the metropolitans, the archbishops, bishops,and the archimandrites are rich ; but the great massof the clergy is poorly provided for. The monksare numerous and are supported at the expense ofthe state ; but their wants are few, and their mannerof living extremely simple. The secular clergy,which is under the superintendence of the bishops, isdivided into protohiereis or archpriests, hiereis orpriests (popes), and deacons. The regular clergy,which is also called the black clergy, comprisesthe archimandrites, the igoumenai or priors, theabbesses, the monks and nuns, and the hermits.The bishops are taken from the regular clergy, andany priest, who desires to remain attached to the ec-clesiastical order after the death of his wife, mustenter that body, and is then called a hiero-monk.The revenues of the clergy consisted originally oftithes ; but, after it had come into possession of largelanded estates, cultivated by boors, its support wasderived partly from their produce, and partly fromthe rasholmitehii-prihaze, or tax paid by dissidents forthe privilege of wearing the beard. The manage-ment of the revenues was in the hands of the patri-arch, until Catharine I. established a commission forthe purpose, which was, however, suppressed in 1742.The holy synod was then intrusted with their adminis-tration ; and it appears, from an enumeration madeby order of the empress Elizabeth, in 1746, that839,546 male boors were attached to the estates ofthe clergy. These estates were secularised by PeterIII., in 1762, w r ho appointed a new commission fortheir management. Catharine II. began by abolish-ing this board, and improving the condition of theclergy. In 1764, she secularised all the ecclesiasticalpossessions, re-established the commission, and assign-ed a fixed revenue to the members of the clergy.The chambers of account, in the capitals of the go-vernments, are now invested with the administrationof these estates, the annual revenue of which is esti-mated at 250,000 silver rubles, which is expended inpaying the salaries of the clergy. Notwithstandingthis seizure of their domains, the clergy have still aconsiderable amount of land connected with theconvents, or with the church, but there are no boorsattached.
Echo. Daughter of the Air and Tellus ; a nymph,who, according to fable, was changed by Juno into arock, because her loquacity prevented Juno fromlistening to the conversation of Jupiter with thenymphs. The use of her voice, however, was left herso far as to be able to repeat the last word which sheheard from others. Another account is, that Echofell in love with Narcissus, and, because he did notreciprocate her affection, she pined away, until no-thing was left but her voice.
Echternach. A town in the grand duchy ofLuxemburg. It is situated in a romantic valley nearthe river Saure. The inhabitants rather exceed 4000in number; and it is eighteen miles N. E. of Luxem-burg.
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