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such violence, that the poorer inhabitants were com-pelled to live in huts, on Elvet Moor, and the adjoin-ing commons, where the marks of arrangement fortheir cells w r ere to be traced till very lately.

In the year 1653 Charles I. visited Durham, onhis progress to Scotland, and was entertained by theamiable and pious bishop Morton, whose expenses inone day amounted to 1500/.

The present magnificent cathedral of Durham isindebted for its origin to bishop William de Carileph,who, having projected a change in the government ofthe church, which had previously been directed by thesecular clergy, and their provost, obtained, under theauthority of the crown, and by permission of the pope,a licence to introduce regular canons; stating also,that the church built by his predecessors was unsuit-able to the dignity and increasing power of the see,he formed a plan for erecting a structure similar tothe superb fabrics he had seen during his exile on thecontinent. In pursuance of this design, the founda-tion was laid on the 11th of August, 1093, with asolemnity suitable to so vast an undertaking; Mal-colm, king of Scotland, and Turgot, abbot of Durham,assisting at the ceremony.

The bishop compelled the monks to labour in theholy work daily, excepting at meal times, and duringprayer and divine service : but no considerable pro-gress had been made at the time of his death, whichhappened within two years after the commencementof the structure. His successor, Ralph Flambard,who enjoyed the bishopric for twenty-nine years,and was equally an encourager of the pious work,finished the building nearly to the roof. This prelate,before his promotion to the see of Durham, had givenproof of his ability in architecture, by the erection ofthe collegiate church of Christ Church, in Hampshire.The cathedral erected by these prelates was of theform universally adopted by the Norman architects;a long cross, with two turrets at the west end, andbetween them, a large and richly ornamented archeddoor of entrance, the east end probably terminatedin a semicircular form. The side aisles, both ofthe nave and choir, were vaulted with semicirculararches, groined, and the ribs of the groins carved, butthe nave and the choir were open to the timber roof.The nave exhibits a great change of style. BishopPoore having already given a specimen of his taste inthe construction of Salisbury cathedral, induced priorMelsonby to conform to a more ornamental mode ofarchitecture in the roof, which he was then building.Under his direction the whole vault was accommo-dated to the pointed arch, though the Norman zig-zagis used along the ribs of the groins.

Successive additions have rendered this cathedralas it now appears ; not only an enlarged specimen ofNorman building, but a most beautiful series of ex-amples, illustrating the gradual change of style whichtook place during the reigns of the three first Henries,till, by degrees, the pointed had completely supersededthe semicircular arch ; and the heavy clusters of theNorman pillars were polished into the light shafts ofthe early English.

The situation of this venerable pile is equally boldand singular. Elevated on a rocky eminence, thatforms the highest part of the city, it bursts on thesight with uncommon grandeur; the base of the rockswhich support its west end being washed by thewaters of the Wear. From the square called thePalace Green, by which it is generally approached,

J R It E N S T E I N.

the whole of the north front is at once beheld. Thisentire range preserves its original Norman characterwith occasional introductions of windows and tracervin the pointed arch manner. The cathedral is 41 jfeet in length, and is divided into five aisles by fourrows of columns. Some of the columns are of mostgigantic dimensions, being more than twenty feet incircumference. The annexed sketch of the city willbest show how prominent a feature the cathedral formswhen viewed from the environs.

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Besides the cathedral, Durham possesses six parishchurches, and places of worship for Presbyterians,Methodists, Roman Catholics, &c. Here also is asmall theatre, erected in 1791. There is a weeklymarket, and three annual fairs. This city has returnedtwo members to parliament since the reign of CharlesII., and, according to the last census, contains 10,125inhabitants. Durham is 259 miles N. of London, and132 S. of Edinburgh, and 16 S. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; and is situate in Ion. 1° 33' W., and lat. 54°54' N.

Durlach. A considerable town of Germany inthe grand duchy of Baden. It is built on the banksof the river Pfinz, at the foot of a high ridge of moun-tains called the Thurmberg. It contains the ducalpalace of Carlsburg; also a handsome church, andmany other establishments of minor importance.Durlach is remarkable for its manufactory of realand counterfeit porcelain. It has 5000 inhabitants,and is thirty-two miles N. N. W., of Stuttgard.Lon. 8° 31' E„ lat. 48° 39' N.

Durrenstein. A small town in Austria. Its castle; has, by general consent and long tradition, been estab-lished as the principal place of confinement of RichardCoeur de Lion : it stands upon a colossal rock which,i rising from a promontory picturesquely terminated bythe little towm of Durrenstein, is singularly ribbed fromtop to bottom by a rugged mass of granite indentedlike a saw. On each side of this natural barrier a stripof low wall, with small towers at equal distances,straggles down the rock, which, thus divided, is hereand there cut towards its base into cross terracesplanted with vines, and in the ruder parts left bare,or patched with lichens and shrubs of various descrip-tions. On its naked and conical crest, as though apiece of the crag itself, rises the keep of the castle,which is square, with four square towers at its angles,and not unlike the fine ruin at Rochester.

Durrenstein is first mentioned about the year 1170;and in 1192, the year in which Richard was madeprisoner, the castle is known to have belonged toHadmar, the Kueminger, who was likewise the pos-