TUSCANY.— TYRE.

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condemned to death from their birth. The courtestablishment, with all the eunuchs, women, guards,&c. includes 10,000 persons.

The title of the present padishah is—“ Sultan, sonof a sultan, chakan, son of a chakan, sultan MahmoudII. khan, son of the victorious Abd-ul-Hamid, by theinfinite grace of the Creator of the world and theeternal Being, and through the mediation and greatmiracles of Mohammed Mustapha, the greatest ofprophets, upon whom rest the blessing of God, servantand master of the cities of Mecca, Medina, and Kods(Jerusalem), towards which all men turn their faceswhen they pray, padishah of the three great citiesof Istambul, Edreneh (Adrianople), and Bursawhich all princes regard with envy,” &c. The armsassumed by Mahmoud II., are a silver crescent ina green shield. The recent threatening dispositions,of Russia and Egypt towards Turkey, tend the wantof power in the reigning sultan sufficiently shewthat the Ottoman power will soon be destroyed inEurope.

Tuscany. A grand duchy of Central Italy, whichis bounded north by Modena and the States of theChurch, east by the States of the Church, and south-west by a part of the Mediterranean called the Tus-can or Tyrrhenean Sea. It includes Elba and somesmaller islands ; is divided into three provinces, Flo-rence, Pisa and Sienna. The face of the country isagreeably diversified with hills, valleys and plains.The Apennines, entering on the north, traverse thecountry in a south-east direction.

The country is well watered by numerous streams :the most considerable are the Arno, Cambrone andChiana. The climate is generally pleasant andhealthy, except the Maremma, or maritime district.The soil, for the most part, is a rich alluvial mould.The chief objects of culture are wheat, maize, beans,peas, and a variety of vegetables; also clover andother artificial grasses; vines, mulberries, olives,oranges, lemons, figs ; and rice in the marshy parts.Sheep and cattle are numerous in the mountainousdistricts. Near Pisa is a stud of camels, establishedat the time of the crusades. There are mines of cop-per, lead, and quicksilver; also marble, alabaster,crystal, and rock salt. There are scarcely any largefarms, but the land is divided into small lots, and theculture takes place more commonly by the spade thanthe plough. Tuscany is no longer conspicuous for itsmanufactures: the most important article is silk.The commerce is considerable, and carried on chieflythrough the port of Leghorn. The Tuscans are wellformed, with a pleasing countenance, and, among allthe people of Italy, are most fond of the arts and sci-ences : polite and kind in their manners, they are atthe same time industrious and gay. The language’ofthe Tuscans is considered the purest and finest dia-lect of Italy ; and in the history of letters and art, thenames of Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Galilei, Machi-avelli, Giotto, Cimabuo, Leonardo da Vinci, MichaelAngelo, the Medici, &c., appear among the natives ofTuscany. The grand duchy of Tuscany has an areaof 8390 square miles, and a population of 1,300,000.

Tweed. A river of Scotland, which rises in thesouth part of Peeblesshire, passes by or near to Pee-bles, Melrose, Kelso, Coldstream, from near whichplace it forms the boundary line between Englandand Scotland, and runs into the German Sea, atBerwick.

Twickenham. A picturesque village on the

Thames, about ton miles from London. BetweenRichmond-bridge and this village is a rural walk, onthe border of the river ; and probably no promenadeof a similar extent, in any part of England, presents adisplay of scenery so soft and so highly cultivated.The margin of the Thames is lined with stately dwel-lings, whose ornamental grounds descend to the water’sedge ; among which was the residence of Pope. Thehouse was not large, but Pope took great delight inembellishing the grounds. The weeping willow,planted by him, perished in 1801, and another hasbeen planted on the spot. Here he translated a partof the Iliad, and wrote the Dunciad, the Essay onMan, the Epistles, &c., and hence are dated thegreater number of his letters ; here, also, he died.His villa was taken down by baroness Howe, in 1807,and a new dwelling erected about one hundred yardsfrom the site.

Tyne, North and South. Two beautiful riverswhich unite their streams at Hexham, and divide thecounties of Durham and Northumberland. TheTyne at Newcastle is a river of great magnitude, andof considerable commercial importance. There isanother of the same name in Scotland.

Tynemouth. This place is situated at the mouthof the beautiful river from whence it derives its name.It is now' one of the most fashionable bathing placesin Northumberland. The houses are elegant, andthe walks, especially those in the neighbourhood ofthe priory, present many very picturesque scenes.The castle and priory are represented in the accom-panying view.

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Tynemouth and North Shields form one of thenew boroughs created by the reform act, and returnone member to the British parliament. The popula-tion of the borough which comprises the townships ofTynemouth, North Shields, Chirton Preston, andCullercoats, amounts to 23,206 persons.

Tyre. One of the most celebrated cities of anti-quity, and, with its elder sister Sidon, the richest andmost important commercial city of Phoenicia. Theinsignificant village of Sur, or Sour, in the pachalicof Acre, now occupies its site, eighteen miles southwest of Sidon. Sour is situated on a neck of landwhich was formerly an island, but was joined to themain land by Alexander at the siege of Tyre. “ Thereappear to have been,” says Madden, “ two cities ofthat name adjoining one another, the great Tyrebeing situated about five miles south of the now