884 TELEOLOGY. - TEMP

who had arrived in the island two days before him,and was then in the house of Eumaeus. With thisfaithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus concertedhow to deliver his mother from the importunities ofher suitors, and it was effected with great success.After the death of his father, Telemachus went to theisland of A5®a, where he married Circe, or, accordingto some, Cassiphone, the daughter of Circe, by whomhe had a son called Latinus. He some time afterhad the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe,and fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. Tele-machus was accompanied in his visit to Nestor andMenelaus by the goddess of wisdom, under the formof Mentor. It is said that when a child, Telemachusfell into the sea, and that a dolphin brought him safeto shore, after he had remained some time underwater. From this circumstance Ulysses had the figureof a dolphin engraved on the seal which he wore onhis ring.

Teleology. The doctrine of final causes. Ittreats of the wise and benevolent ends shown in thestructure of individual creatures, and in their con-nexion, and in the connexion and consequences ofevents, from which it deduces the existence and cha-racter of the Creator. Delightful as it is to trace theproofs of wisdom and benevolence in the creationaround us, we should be careful not to narrow thepurposes of God to our own notions, not to be illiberaltowards those who differ from us, nor to conceive thatthe earth was made solely for the use of man—avery confined, but too common opinion.

Temeswar. This town was originally the capitalof the Bannat of Temeswar, which now forms a partof the kingdom of Hungary, but is now the capital ofthe county of the same name in the circle beyond theTheiss, in Upper Hungary. It is situated on the riverBega, in a marshy and unhealthy district, is a royalfree city, the residence of the imperial commander ofthe Bannat military district, and the see of a Greekbishop. Since 1718, when the Turks ceded the wholeof the Bannat by the peace of Passarowitz, the townhas been much improved in appearance, and extended;and the fortifications have also been strengthened, sothat it is now one of the most important fortresses ofthe Austrian empire. It contains 11,000 inhabitants,chiefly Germans and Servians, or Rascians, who areengaged in manufactures, and carry on a brisk trade.

Tempe, Vale of. A beautiful and celebratedvalley of Thessaly, on the Peneus, not far from itsmouth, having mount Olympus on the north, andmount Ossa on the south. It is about five miles long,and of unequal breadth. It was much celebrated bythe ancient poets ; but modern travellers were longperplexed to find, in so rugged and terrific a spot asthe defile of Tempe, where it is crossed by the greatroad, the object of their unqualified panegyric. Thefact is, the vale of Tempe is distinct from the gorgeor defile, being situated a little to the south-west,“ The scenery of this beautiful valley,” says a tra-veller, “ fully gratified our expectations. In someplaces it is sylvan, calm, and harmonious, and thesound of the water of the Peneus accords with thegrace of the surrounding landscape; in others,it is savage, terrific, and abrupt ; and the riverroars with violence, darkened by the frowns of stu-pendous precipices.” The woods which once appearto have adorned this celebrated region, have beenmuch diminished in the service of the neighbouringcotton works, but the mountains on each side are

iRANCE SOCIETIES.

truly sublime. In the centre of this romantic seclu.sion stands Ainbelakia, the inhabitants of,whichhave established considerable cotton manufactures.

Temperance Societies. The remarkable successof these institutions in counteracting a vice of greatseductiveness, and of the most ruinous tendency,demands for their history and present condition asomewhat extended notice. The mental excitementproduced by the reception of certain vinous sub-stances into the system is, in its first stage, so agree-able, that we cannot be surprised at finding some ofthem in use as far back, and as extensively, as ouraccounts of private manners reach. The fermentedjuice of fruits, as of the apple and grape, the intoxi-cating property of which latter is mentioned by Moses,probably was the most ancient, and is now the mostcommon vehicle of the stimulating principle. Thelater Asiatics have found it in preparations from thepoppy and the wild hemp, and the North AmericanIndians in tobacco. The ancient Germans, accordingto Tacitus’s account, obtained an intoxicating drinkfrom wheat and barley ; but the art of brewing, as atpresent practised, appears not to have been known inthis country before the end of the fifteenth century.Distillation, which furnishes by far the most powerfulagents of this kind, was invented by the alchemistsin the course of their experiments in search of theelixir of life. The first known distinct mention of itoccurs in the thirteenth century. Arnaud de Ville-neuve, a chemist and physician, who died about theyear 1300, writes, “ Who would believe that one candraw from wine, by chemical process, that which hasnot the colour of wine, nor the ordinary effects ofwine V This water of wine is called by some the waterof life (eau de vie, brandy) ; and it well deserves thename, since it is truly a water of immortality'. Alreadyits virtues begin to be known. It prolongs one’s life:it dissipates superfluous and vicious humours; itrevives the heart, and perpetuates youth.” Towardsthe end of the sixteenth century, the use of distilledspirits was introduced into this country. Camdenmentions them as having been adopted, in 1581, intothe diet of the English soldiers in their campaigns inthe Netherlands. A very heavy excise tax and dutyon importations has not prevented the increase oftheir consumption in Great Britain till it has reachedthe amount of 40,000,000 of gallons annually.

There is no evidence of their extensive use inNorth America during the first century after thesettlement of the colonies. The exposures of theFrench war, and much more the hardships and dis-orders of the revolution, naturally tended to diffuseit. And many of the inhabitants still living remem-ber, from their childhood till within the last tenyears, to have seen distilled spirits, in some form, auniversal provision for the table at the principal re-past throughout North America. The richer sortdrank French and Spanish brandy ; the poorer, WestIndia, and the poorest, New England rum. In theSouthern States, whiskey was the favourite liquor;apple brandy and peach brandy, made a variety whichrecommended itself to the variety of individualtastes. Commonly at meals, and at other times bylabourers, particularly in the middle of the forenoonand afternoon, these substances were taken simplydiluted with more or less water. On olher occasions,they made apart of more or less artificial compounds,

in which fruit of various kinds, eggs, spices, herbs,and sugar, w'ere leading ingredients.