PSARA —PSYCHOLOGY.

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that monarch, and John Hopkins, a schoolmaster,assisted by William Whittyngham, a divine of con-siderable (earning. Soon after the publication of thisversion, vocal psalmody was introduced into thechurch service, and various musical manuals appearedfor the purpose of facilitating its practice.

Psara, or Ipsara. An island of the GrecianArchipelago, seven miles north-west of Scio, aboutfive and a half miles in length, and as many in breadth.It consists almost entirely of a rock, thinly coveredia some places with a vegetable mould. The popu-lation amounts to about 400 persons. It was settledabout a century ago, by a little band of Greeks, whofled thither to escape the Turkish yoke, and supportedthemselves by fishing. In 1824, it was taken by theTurks; 600 Psariotes, the sole remnant of a popu-lation of 6000, which had perished under the Turkishscimetar, after defending themselves for a long time,in a mountain-fortress of the island, buried themselvesbeneath its ruins.

Pseudo. Term or particle prefixed to namesand words, to denote any thing spurious andfalse. Thus we call any thing which has a falsename, as a book written under a feigned name, pseud-onymous.

Pskov. A province of European Russia. It issituated between Livonia and Smolensko, and has apopulation of about 700,000 persons. Pskov, thecapital, is the see of a Greek archbishop. The inha-bitants are principally engaged in the manufacture ofRussian leather, and some of the coarser linen clothsare woven in the neighbourhood. It is 224 miles south-south-west of St. Petersburg.

Psyche. In the Grecian mythology was thedaughter'of Sol and Constancy. The twofold sig-nification of her name (the soul and the butterfly)adds much to the effect of the beautiful allegoryrespecting her. According to Apulcius, however, shewas the daughter of a king, and he thus relates herhistory. Psyche, whose two elder sisters were ofmoderate beauty, was so lovely, that she was takenfor Venus herself, and men dared only to adore heras a goddess, not to love her. This excited the jea-lousy of Venus, who, to revenge herself, orderedCupid to inspire her with love for some contemptibleobject. But Cupid fell in love with her himself.Meanwhile, her father desiring to see his daughtermarried, consulted the oracle of Apollo, which com-manded that Psyche should be conveyed, with funeralrites, to the summit of a mountain, and there be left,for she was destined to be the bride of a destructivemonster, in the form of a dragon, feared by gods andmen. With sorrow was the oracle obeyed, and Psychewas left alone on the desert rock, when suddenlyZephyr hovered around her, gently' raised and trans-ported her to a beautiful palace of the god of love,who visited her every night, unseen and unknown,leaving her again at the approach of day'. Perfecthappiness would have been the lot of Psyche, if,obedient to the warning of her lover, she had neverbeen curious to know him better. But by the arti-fices of her jealous sisters, whom she admitted to visither, contrary to the commands of Cupid, she waspersuaded that she held a monster in her arms, andcuriosity triumphed. As he slept, she entered witha lamp to examine him, and discovered the most

eautiful of the gods; in her joy and astonishment,*'e let a drop of the heated oil fall upon his shoul-

ei8 ‘ Cupid awoke, and having reproached tho

astonished Psyche for her suspicions, fled. Afterhaving tried in vain to throw herself into a river, shewandered, inconsolable, to all the temples, seekingeverywhere her beloved, till she came to the templeof Venus. Hero began her severest sufferings. Venuskept her near her person, treated her as a slave, andimposed upon her the severest and most trying tasks.Psyche would have sunk under the burden, had notCupid, who still tenderly loved her, secretly assistedher in her labours. But in the last dangerous taskimposed upon her, to descend to the realm of shadows,and bring away Proserpine’s box of cosmetics, shealmost perished. She succeeded, indeed, in the adven-ture ; but, having opened the box, a deadly vapourissued from it, and she sunk lifeless to the earth.Cupid now appeared, and the touch of his arrowrestored her to life. Venus was finally reconciled; byJupiter’s command Psyche became immortal, and wasfor ever united with her beloved. Her marriage wascelebrated with great festivities, but her envious sis-i ters threw themselves from a precipice. Raphael hasgiven a most beautiful representation of the marriagein the Farnesina at Rome.

Psychology, the science of the soul, or the spiri-tual principle in man. The object of this science isto teach the laws and relations of the changes andphenomena which take place in the mind during theintellectual operations ; or to trace the causes ofthese phenomena, and to discover the nature of themind and its relations to the universe ; or, in short,to treat of the mind, either as it manifests itself, or asit is in itself. Investigations of the latter class, whichhave for their object that which cannot be discoveredby observation, constitute metaphysical or transcen-dental psychology ; while those of the former class,in which the soul becomes a subject of observation,constitute empirical or experimental psychology.Empirical psychology may, therefore, be defined tobe the scientifically conducted observation of theoperations and changes of the human soul. As ascience, it includes all the phenomena of the intellec-tual activity ; as the science of the soul, it forms apart of anthropology, called psychological anthropo-logy, in distinction from physiology, or physiologicalanthropology. It takes for granted the distinction ofthe spiritual substance from the body, as a matter ofconsciousness, and does not therefore attempt toexplain it. It treats of the mind, indeed, in itsoperations, and in so far as it is connected with thebody, but neglects the mere physical phenomena. Itis, more strictly than logic, an introduction to intel-lectual philosophy, since logic treats only of the lawsof reason.

As the development of the human mind proceedsfrom the particular to the general, empirical psycho-logy is the most proper introduction to speculativephilosophy ; the more so, as it makes us acquaintedwith the spiritual instrument which philosophyemploys. In this course of investigation, the subjectof attention is merely facts, of which every one isconscious, and which, therefore, are intelligible b}' all,

' and of which a distinct and connected view may pre-; vent many errors in philosophical speculation. Again,empirical psychology is applied to philosophy ; for it| must notscnly employ the philosophical forms in thedisposition and explanation of fact9, blit also certainmetaphysical notions (as power, cause, &c.), andrequires a philosophical spirit to give it the characterof a science ; and it is thus distinguished from a mere