<>90 J U R A — J U R

(old to him that she would hear a child who shoulddeprive him of his sovereignty, he devoured herduring her pregnancy; and thence it came to pass thatMinerva, some time after, was born from his head.His second wife was Themis, a daughter of Uranusand Terra, who bore him the Horae and Pur cm. Histhird wife was Juno.

Jupiter had many oracles in Greece, for instance,at Dodona, at Olympia, although the latter after ashort time ceased, and one in a holy grotto on mountIda in Crete. His most celebrated temple in Greecewas that of Olympia or Pisa. He was also especi-ally honoured at Dodona in Epirus, on mountCasius in Egypt, in the city Nemea in Argolis, onvEtna, on mount Athos and Dicta:, and many otherplaces. His most usual attribute is the thunder bolt,which he either holds himself in his hand, or whichthe eagle bears at his side. His countenance displaysseriousness and majesty, mingled with benevolenceand serenity. Of the statues of Jupiter, we havereceived but a few from antiquity, and none of the firstrank. By far the most beautiful representations of himare found upon gems, which present to us the king ofthe gods in the different scenes of his history; some-times only the bust, sometimes the whole figure ;sometimes alone, at others grouped with other figures.That celebrated masterpiece of Grecian art, the statueof Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, is in a great measurelost to us. But it is highly probable that in the excellentheads on gems, the principal traits of it are preserved.Upon a gem in the cabinet of Stosch, the beholderadmires the deep seriousness mingled with a heavenlymildness, which is spread over his whole countenance,and the beautiful growth of hair falling down, notlike the crisp locks of youth, but in gentle undula-tions of a ripe, manly age. Upon another gem,Jupiter is enthroned as king of heaven and earth.The moon and the stars are around him, the globe isin his right hand, the sceptre in his left, and a diademon his head, to point him out clearly as the supremeruler. The lower part of the body is covered. Theeagle at his feet sits looking up to him, awaiting hiscommands. When Jupiter stands, he is generallynaked, because he is then occupied in a way w hichmakes clothing an incumbrance. In the secondmonth of every fifth year, the Olympic games werecelebrated in honour of him.

Jura. The name of one of the principal islandsof the Hebrides, or Western Islands of Scotland,situated N.E. of the island of Islay, and opposite tothe district of Knap-dale, in Argyleshire, to whichcounty it is annexed. It extends fully twenty-sixmiles in length, and is on an average seven broad,containing 58,500 Scots acres, of which only 3000are arable. It is the most rugged of the WesternIsles, being composed chiefly of huge rocks, piled onone another in the utmost disorder, naked, and inca-pable of cultivation. The mountainous ridges terminatein four similar peaked mountains, called the Paps ofJura. The only crops are oats, barley, potatoes, andflax ; the chief manure is the sea-weed which iscast ashore. The population of this island does notexceed 2000 persons.

Jura. A lofty chain of mountains on the continentof Europe, about sixty leagues in length, and fifteenin breadth. It is a continuation of the Savoy Alps,extending from the Rhine, near Bale, to the Rhone,about ten miles below Geneva. By the low rangeof mountains in the Pays de Vaud, the Jura is con-

', TRIAL BY.

nected with the lofty Alps of Berne. It stretchestowards the north in several long ridges betweenFrance and Switzerland; the ridges then separate, amithe eastern one, which is the principal, is continuedthrough Neufchatel and the canton of Soleure, andterminates on the eastern side of the Friokthal, in thecanton of Aargau, on the Rhine, where, on the Ger-man side, the Sehwarzuald or Black Forest is a con-tinuation of it. The western branch extends fartherto the north, and takes the name of the Vosges.Jura has neither the pointed summits nor the peren-nial snows of the highest peaks of the Alps. One ofthe highest peaks, Mount Reeulet, is elevated nearly6000 feet above the level of the sea. The Frenchdepartment of Jura, a portion of Franehe-Comte onthe Furieuse and the Doubs, furnishes silver, copper,iron, lead, marble and salt. The chief town is Lons-le-Saulnier.

Jurgura. A mountain of Africa, in Algiers, sup-posed to be the highest in Barbary. It is at leasttwenty-four miles long ; and, if we except a pool ofgood water, bordered round with arable ground, thatlies near the middle of it, the whole, from one end tothe other, is a continued range of naked rocks andprecipices. In the winter season, the ridge of thismountain is always covered with snow. ♦

Jury, Trial by. This is an institution of thegreatest possible value, though its importance has notbeen as well understood in some of the states ofEurope as its excellence merits.

The origin of the trial by jury has been tracedback by antiquarians to a very early period in Eng-lish history, and seems, indeed, in some form, if notcoeval with the origin of the civil government inEngland, at least to have been used time out of mindin this kingdom. It is lost among the early Saxoncolonies ; and probably was derived from the modeof administering justice by the peers of the litigantparties in the feudal institutions of Italy, France andGermany. Blackstone considers that this tribunalwas universally established among all the northernnations, and so interwoven with their very constitu-tion, that the earliest accounts of the one give us alsosome traces of the other. Mr. Wynne seems toentertain a different opinion, and, after stating thatits origin is obscure, he asserts that it is the noblestform of policy that was ever invented on earth, andcomes nearest the impartiality of heaven, but,whatever may be the origin of the trial, it is of veryhigh antiquity. And Magna Charta referred to it asan existing institution, and provided that no personshould be hurt, either in his person or property,unless by the judgment of his peers or the laws of therealm. Juries are of two sorts, viz. grand juries andpetty juries. The former may consist of any numbermore than twelve, and less than twenty-four persons.The office of the grand jury is to accuse persons whoare supposed to be guilty of an offence. It may, there-fore, properly be called the jury of accusation. Ihepetty, or petit jury', consists of twelve persons only,and may properly be called the jury of trials, both incivil and criminal cases.

We shall first consider the organisation, functionsand proceedings of the grand jury. The mode ofaccusation is by a w ritten statement in solemn form,describing the offence, with all the proper accompa-niments of time and circumstances, and certainty atact and person, which is called an indictment, or bya mode less formal (which is usually the spontaneous