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of generals, in the proclamations, and in the dispo-sition of the armies, so that neither La’ Fayette, in1792, nor Dumouriez, in 1793, could excite the armyagainst the Jacobins. The Jacobins were dividedinto two parties: agreeing as to the end, they thoughtdifferently concerning the means. Tallien, who over-threw Robespirre, was as true a Jacobin as the latterwas. The enthusiastic suspected the moderate. Thevictory was long doubtful. Finally, the moderatewere vanquished. The genuine republicans—theGirondists, or the party of the Plain—were subduedby the more violent Jacobins, or Mountain party'.These again were governed by the Maratists or Cor-deliers, who ruled in the Jacobin club with iron sway,under the duumvirate of Robespierre the Incor-ruptible, and Danton, the formidable creator of therevolutionary tribunal, with Marat for an assistant.On the other hand, the moderate party was victoriousin the provinces, at Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Lyons.The south took up arms against the Jacobin con-vention. But the Mountain party succeeded indepriving the convention of power, and, on the pro-posal of Billaud de Varennes, the constitution gaveway to the reign of terror.

But the triumph of Jacobinism was the establish-ment of the committee of safety, which completedthe reign of terror under Robespierre, and, by meansof the revolutionary armies, suppressed rebellion withlire and sword in Vendee, and in the south. Citieslike Lyons, Marseilles, and Toulon, were to be demo-lished, and all Vendee to be transformed into a greatfield of blood and ashes. Fourteen armies, the guil-lotine, and an iron stubbornness, finally won thevictory for the system of terror. France, it was said(and, for the moment, it was true), wanted only ironand bread. Not till the dictator Robespierre hadperished under the guillotine, July 28, 1794, and withhim 104 of his partisans, together with the municipalcouncil of Paris, did the convention recover itsauthority. It denied to all popular assemblies anyinterference with the government.

In vain did the Jacobin club attempt an insurrection,in order to tear the monster Carrier from the swordof the law. This was its last struggle. The citizensof Paris surrounded the hall of the Jacobins till themilitary arrived and dispersed the meeting: Legendreclosed the hall. The finishing stroke was given tothis victory by the decree of the convention, thatthe Jacobins should not renew their meetings, thoughtheir principles long survived their defeat.

Jacobites. This name was applied to the adherentsof James II. (who was deposed in 1688) and his poste-rity,and in particular to the non-jurors, whose separa-tion from the English church consisted merely in theirrefusal to take the oath of allegiance to the newking; and who had their own meetings, for the pur-pose of praying for the Stuart family. They weremost numerous in Scotland, but were very muchlessened by the defeat of the Pretender in 1745; andwhen, at length, he died at Rome in 1788, they beganto pray for George III.

Jae.w A large province in Spain, which is sur-rounded by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, Cor-dova, and La Mancha. Its territorial extent is 4730square miles, and its population about 300,000.

Jaen. A considerable Spanish town, and thecapital city of the above province. It stands on thebank of the Guadalbulon, at the foot of a lofty moun-tain, which is nearly all composed of marble. The

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inhabitants of this town amount to about 27,000, wooare all engaged either in manufactures or commerce.Jaen is thirty-six miles N. of Granada, and sixty-fiveE. of Cordova. Lon. 3° 51' W., lat. 37° 48' N.

Jaffa. The ancient Joppa, a town of AsiaticTurkey, in Syria, in the pachalic of Damascus, six-teen leagues N. N.E. from Razze or Gaza; twelveleagues N.W. of Jerusalem, and twenty-two leaguesS.S.VV. of St. Jean d’Acre, on a tongue of landadvancing into the Mediterranean. Jaffa is situatedon a hill, and is surrounded with a strong wall offrom twelve to fourteen feet in height. The port isdefended by two forts. There are several mosquesand three convents. Vessels cannot approach thecity nearer than a quarter of a league, on account ofthe breakers. Several consuls of European powersreside here. Pilgrims who proceed to Jerusalemfrequent this city much. It contains 3650 inha-bitants.

The environs of Jaffa produce fruits of the best qua-lity, particularly fine and large oranges. The Greeksand Phoenicians considered Jaffa as a very ancientplace, and it certainly existed 1500 years before theChristian era. Iapho was the Phoenician name. Joppais mentioned several times in the Scriptures. Duringthe crusades Joppa became the capital of a smallcountry of the same name. Saladin burnt it, hut St.Louis re-established it.

Jaffa is connected with two remarkable circum-stances in the life of Napoleon : one, the holdexposure of his life by traversing the plague hospitals,and touching the poisonous sores, to give courage tohis soldiers; the other, the “ massacre at Jaffa.”This place contained a garrison consisting of Turkishand other soldiers, in the employ of Djezzar Pacha,when general Bonaparte attacked it. A breach wasmade in the walls, March 7, 1799, when, accordingto the rules of war, the Turkish commandant wascalled upon to surrender; instead of which, he cutoff the head of the messenger. The fortress wastaken and pillaged. Bonaparte, in his letter to thedirectory, says, “ At five o’clock we were masters ofthe city, which, during twenty-four hours, was exposedto pillage and all the horrors of war, which neverappeared to me so hideous.” Three thousand men,says the duke of Ilovigo, in his Memoires, were madeprisoners, the greater part of whom were the samesoldiers to whom life and liberty had been granted atEl Arish, under the condition not to bear armsagainst the French within a year, and to proceed toBagdad. At the same time news was received thatthe Porte, after having put in irons all the Frenchagents, had declared war againstFrance, and assembledan army at Rhodes, which was to be sent to Egypt.To give liberty again to these prisoners was to sendrecruits to the Turks; to conduct them to Egyptunder an escort, would have weakened the smallarmy under Bonaparte’s command at Jaffa. A councilof war was held, and it was determined that all shouldbe put to the sword. Even Bourrienne, who hudaccompanied Bonaparte in the expedition to Egypt,states m his Memoires, that the massacre of the rem-nant of the garrison of Jaffa was the result of thedeliberations of two councils, at which M. de Bour-rienne himself was present, and in which “horribleact of necessity,” if he had been privileged to vote,lie would have concurred, believing it to be justifiedby the scarcity of provisions, w hich were all requiredfor the French army, and the smallness of its mime-